148Gd production cross section measurements for 600- and 800-MeV protons on tantalum, tungsten, and gold

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for the production of 148Gd in thin natW and 181Ta targets irradiated with 0.4- to 2.6-GeV protons

“…The resulting cross sections for the production of 148 Gd are summarized in Table 3, where the cross sections that were obtained in [4] for energies of 0.6 and 0.8 GeV and which are in agreement within the experimental errors with the data obtained in our study are also presented.…”

“…8 One of such important products is 148 Gd (T 1/2 = 74.6 yr), which is an α emitter accumulated in all heavy target materials irradiated with protons of energy above ∼0.5 GeV. There is only one work [4] in which the yields of 148 Gd in nat W, 181 Ta, and 197 Au targets irradiated by 0.6-and 0.8-GeV protons were systematically measured. This amount of data is insufficient for applications, where the initial proton energy is usually not less than ∼1 GeV.…”

Analysis of the148Gd and154Dy Content in Proton-Irradiated Lead Targets

“…Residual nuclei production occurs due to the intranuclear processes of spallation, fission, fragmentation, and evaporation of light nuclei . So far, different theoretical models (BERTINI + DRESNER, ISABEL, CEM2k + GEM, INCL4 + ABLA, CASCADE, PHITS, LAHET) have been used for the prediction of the production cross sections. − Theoretical calculations are of great value to understand the reaction mechanisms. However, the verification of theoretical codes requires reliable experimental data.…”

CASCADEX—A combination of intranuclear cascade model from CASCADE/INPE with the Hauser–Feshbach evaporation/fission calculations from TALYS

“…The alpha-emitting rare earth radionuclides give significant contribution to the radiotoxicity of the spallation target [27,28]. The quality of modelling of these nuclides production yields has been discussed in Ref.…”