14 Organizational and Institutional Genesis

doi:10.1515/9781400845552-018

Cited by 54 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Current literature suggests that brokers use two sets of practices to coordinate across groups: connecting practices (also called tertius iungens practices) and buffering practices (also called tertius gaudens practices). While this literature shows that brokers in the same structural position can act differently (Burt 2012;Fernandez-Mateo 2007;Lingo and O'Mahony 2010;Powell, Packalen, and Whittington 2012), I demonstrate the conditions under which we can expect brokers to successfully use connecting practices versus buffering practices. I find that connecting practices-transferring information, translating meanings, and transforming interests between groups-can be quite useful for facilitating cross-group collaboration in situations where the majority of the tasks required are high status, high value, and enable the targeted groups to use their specialized expertise and display their deeply held identities.…”

Section: Contributions To Theory Of Brokeragementioning

confidence: 75%

Brokerage Professions and Implementing Reform in an Age of Experts

Kellogg¹

2014

Am Sociol Rev

160

129

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In this comparative ethnographic case study of the implementation of a reform related to the Affordable Care Act in two community health centers, I find that professionals may not compete to claim new tasks (and thereby not implement reform) if these tasks require them to acquire information unrelated to their professional expertise, use work practices that conflict with their professional identity, or do impure or low-value tasks that threaten their professional interests. In such cases, reform may be implemented if lower-status workers fill in the gaps in the division of labor between the professions targeted by the reform, playing a brokerage role by protecting each profession's information, meanings, and tasks in everyday work. When the new tasks represent professionally ill-defined problems, brokers can be more effective if they use buffering practices rather than connecting practices-managing information rather than transferring it, matching meanings rather than translating them, and maintaining interests rather than transforming them-to accomplish reform. By playing a buffering role in the interstices between existing professional jurisdictions, lower-status workers can carve out their own jurisdiction, becoming a brokerage profession between existing professions that need to collaborate with one another for reform to occur. Public health activists argue that because low-income people's health problems often occur long before they get to their doctor, for the Affordable Care Act to be successful, patients need access to primary care physicians and to enabling programs that address the social determinants of health. Activists across the country have received funding for these programs (American Public Health Association [APHA] 2010). KeywordsMLP reform is an enabling program designed to improve the health outcomes of traditionally disadvantaged groups by changing the everyday practices of health center doctors and legal aid lawyers.Health center doctors typically treat low-income patients' medical problems; with the implementation of 3 MLP reform, they also address the social and legal problems that affect patients' health (e.g., if a patient's apartment lacks heat, it will be difficult for the patient to recover from an ear infection). Lawyers, in working with low-income clients, often use individual cases to bring legal reform for large numbers of the poor; with the implementation of MLP reform, they gain new access and treatment points for vulnerable clients by expanding legal screening, and they increase their ability to solve legal problems related to health for large numbers of the poor by getting doctors to assist with reform efforts.To implement MLP reform, both doctors and lawyers need to change how they screen clients, determine their eligibility for treatment, and treat them. Doctors must learn from lawyers to screen patients for unmet social and economic needs in areas such as income, housing and utilities, education, immigration, and personal and family stability; they must also refer ...

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Section: Contributions To Theory Of Brokeragementioning

confidence: 75%

Brokerage Professions and Implementing Reform in an Age of Experts

Kellogg¹

2014

Am Sociol Rev

160

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Recent research, however, questions the primacy of clustering effects, especially within the life sciences, an area for which universities are particularly well suited to contribute (Kenney and Patton 2005). Powell et al (2009) relate the emergence and institutionalization (or lack thereof) of innovative regions within the life science industry to crossboundary transposition: The conversion and transportation of status and experience gained from one organizational network to another (domain). The authors find that while successful life science clusters (i.e., Boston, Bay Area, and San Diego) once started with different anchor organizations (and, thus, evolved differently), they have all developed robust interorganizational affiliations buttressed by labor mobility and cultural change (also see Whittington et al 2009;Casper 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Core explanatory factors are the (1) the presence of an anchor organization that provides an initial infrastructure for connections and field formation needed for collective growth and (2) the existence of heterogeneous organizational forms from which different practices, strategies, and rules can emerge. Relating to anchor organizations, Powell et al (2009) find that research universities are critical for successful cluster formation because they contribute to the continuing advance of science and technology, but often make poor commercial partners; the commercialization of technology is unlikely without a strong private sector presence within a region Owen-Smith and Powell 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A trajectory of early-stage spinoff success: the role of knowledge intermediaries within an entrepreneurial university ecosystem

2016

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Universities play a well-established role in regional economic growth, one contribution to which is academic entrepreneurship, the establishment and support of faculty and graduate student spinoff companies based on university research. A vibrant literature examines the general contributions of universities within regional innovation ecosystems while another strain of literature examines individual intermediaries, such as technology licensing offices and incubators, in support of the university's economic development mission. Little research exists, however, that conceptualizes the structure and function of an entrepreneurial university ecosystem. This paper seeks to address this gap in the literature by examining the composition, contributions, and evolution of social networks among faculty and graduate student entrepreneurs and the role of knowledge intermediaries therein. While our investigation supports an emerging literature that finds academic entrepreneurs are typically limited by their own homophilous social networks, we also find that spinoff success relies upon academic and non-academic contacts who connect faculty and students to other social networks important to spinoff success. We investigate how by creating a taxonomy of social network evolution among spinoffs; the results show that the contributions of universities depend on the existence and interrelationship of loosely coordinated, heterogeneous knowledge intermediaries guided by a strong collective ethos to encourage and support academic entrepreneurship.

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“…Ultimately, legitimate organizations themselves define resources they should be allowed to acquire and employ in the institutional field. This process is verified in the study on the institutional and organizational genesis in the life sciences industry developed by Powell, Packalen and Whittington (2012) and is implicit in the field theory proposed by Fligstein and McAdam (2012). It could be the case that organizations that are part of trade associations and multinationals make up a significant amount of a nation's gross domestic product.…”

Section: Proposed Model Of Heterogeneity Of Isomorphic Pressures and mentioning

confidence: 75%

Heterogeneity of Isomorphic Pressures: Intertwining the Resource-Based View and the Neoinstitutional Approach

Popadiuk¹,

Rivera²,

Bataglia³

2014

BAR, Braz. Adm. Rev.

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The purpose of this research is to establish a conceptual framework that contributes to explaining sustained competitive advantage, forming an analytical framework that brings the resource-based view and organizational analysis' neoinstitutional approaches closer together. A detailed epistemological articulation has been undertaken to advance the understanding of strategy and competitive advantage in organizations, aggregating contribution to the literature with the proposal of a theoretical model that steadily articulates elements from organizational institutionalism and the resource-based view. Hence, the major contribution is to associate the resource-based view and organizational analysis' neoinstitutional theory as a means to reformulate the notion of institutional isomorphism, and have a potential new explanation for organizational diversity and the existence of organizations that are more capable of generating (or maximize) value than others. In its formulation, the similarity among organizations in their fields provides the baseline for organizational performance. Thus, it is from this baseline level that organizations would then be able to differentiate themselves and generate sustainable competitive advantage through active and selective response to different institutional pressures.

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14 Organizational and Institutional Genesis

Abstract: for reactions to earlier drafts. Ron Burt went well beyond the call of colleagueship in giving extensive comments within twenty-four hours. Michael Storper provided incredibly useful and challenging feedback, which pushed us in very productive directions.

Cited by 54 publications

References 24 publications

Brokerage Professions and Implementing Reform in an Age of Experts

Brokerage Professions and Implementing Reform in an Age of Experts

A trajectory of early-stage spinoff success: the role of knowledge intermediaries within an entrepreneurial university ecosystem

Heterogeneity of Isomorphic Pressures: Intertwining the Resource-Based View and the Neoinstitutional Approach

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