In this first systematic investigation of mechanochemical polyoxometalate
(POM) reduction, (TBA)
3
[PMo
12
O
40
]
was reacted with
n
equiv of lithium metal (
n
= 1–24) to generate
PMo
12
/
n
products which were
shown to be mixtures of electron-rich
PMo
12
Li
x
species. FTIR
analysis revealed the lengthening/weakening of terminal Mo=O
bonds with increasing levels of reduction, while EXAFS spectra indicated
the onset of Mo–Mo bond formation at
n
∼
8 and a significant structural change at
n
> 12.
Successive Mo
VI
reductions were monitored by XANES and
XPS, and at
n
= 24, results were consistent with
the formation of at least one Mo
IV
–Mo
IV
bonded {Mo
IV
3
} triad together with Mo
V
. Upon dissolution, the
PMo
12
Li
x
species
present in the solid
PMo
12
/
n
products undergo electron exchange and
single-peak
31
P NMR spectra were observed for
n
= 1–12. For
n
≥ 16, changes in solid
state and solution
31
P NMR spectra coincided with the emergence
of features in the UV–vis spectra associated with Mo
V
–Mo
V
and {Mo
IV
3
} bonding
in an ε-Keggin structure. Bonding between {Li(NCMe)}
+
and 2-electron-reduced
PMo
12
in (TBA)
4
[PMo
12
O
40
{Li(NCMe)}] suggests
that super-reduction gives rise to more extensive Li–O bonding
that ultimately causes lithium-oxide-promoted TBA cation decomposition
and POM degradation, which might explain the appearance of XPS peaks
for Mo
2
C at
n
≥ 16. This work has
revealed some of the complex, unexplored chemistry of super-reduced
POMs and establishes a new, solvent-free approach in the search for
a better fundamental understanding of the electronic properties and
reactivity of electron-rich nanoscale metal oxides.