13S Battery Pack and Battery Management System Design and Implementation for Electric Bicycles

The subject of study in this article is the voltage ranges, methods, and tools for prototyping independent sources of power supply and artificial lighting for home appliances with reuse of only widespread components. The goal is to improve the efficiency of the creation and use of independent power supply sources for home appliances. Task: to analyze the history of the development of voltage standards for households; analyze existing autonomous power sources and types of batteries; analyze different loads; find rational voltage ranges based on fundamental values; analyze charge control and balancing circuits for lithium-based batteries; propose the technique of prototyping independent sources of power supply based on reused lithium-ion (Li-ion) accumulators; provide an example of the practical application of the results of research. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. The evolution of voltage standards of electrical supply networks is analyzed. Types of autonomous power supplies, including pure sine versions, are discussed. The analysis of batteries for autonomous power sources of different chemical compositions is performed. It is proposed to use the water analogy of current and area as an analogy of battery capacity for visual representation of electrical processes. Models of constant current consumption and constant power consumption are considered. It is proposed to reduce the internal resistance of the battery assembly by parallel connection of the reused lithium-ion accumulators. Correspondence of voltage ranges of sequential connection of lithium-ion cells to ensure compatibility with existing devices is investigated. Rational parameters of voltage ranges to ensure compatibility of lithium-ion and acid accumulators with the ability to charge directly from solar panels without a charge controller are found. Charge controllers, battery management systems (BMS), and battery balancing circuits are analyzed. A set of steps for reuse of lithium-ion accumulators for the creation of autonomous power sources is proposed. Conclusions. The main contribution of this research is the proposed method of creation of power supply and interior lighting based on the reuse of accumulators without additional components. The discovered and proposed magic numbers of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 for series connection of lithium-ion cells allows to obtain the equivalent of standard voltage ranges of 12 V, 19 V, 27 V, 36 V, 42 V and 48 V. The proposed technique of adjusting the voltage of the passive balancer allows adding 4.5 % to the capacity of the battery assembly. The described solutions allow to build the completely scalable autonomous low-voltage electrical supply network with the ability to charge directly from solar panels without expensive charge controllers.

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“…It is possible to charge directly from solar panels with 96 cells. It is standard range for electric bikes with a rated voltage of 48 V [18].…”

Section: Finding Relations In Voltage Ranges To Ensure Compatibility ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Method of creation of power sources for home appliances under constraints of limited resources

Perepelitsyn

Tetskyi

2023

reks

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“…The transportation industry is calling for a decarbonization program as it is currently almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels [6]. This program has focused primarily on electric vehicles (EVs) in the automotive industry [7]. In recent years, the development of electric vehicles, the increase in production and usage rates, and the increase in hydrogen fuel production have shown that PEM fuel cells that use hydrogen as fuel can be widely used in electric vehicles in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Control of a PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System Used in a Vehicle with Fuzzy Logic Method

BOYACIOĞLU,

KOCAKULAK,

BATAR

et al. 2023

International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology

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PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells, which are commonly used in vehicles, are critical for sustainable transportation in the future. In this study, it is aimed to en-hance the system efficiency of the PEM fuel cell and provide fuel economy. To achieve this goal, the hybrid energy system with a PEM fuel cell and battery pack is controlled with two different strategies. The first control strategy is designed using Fuzzy Logic (FL), while the other control strategy is designed with the classical on-off method with the 'Relay' block. Power output of the fuel cell is determined depending on the change in the charging state of the battery pack and the power consumed by the electric vehicle in this study. The aim is to provide that the fuel cell operates in a high-efficiency range and can generate enough power when needed. Vehicle and fuel cell modeling were per-formed in Matlab/Simulink environment. NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure) driving cycles were considered and fuel cell efficiency and hydrogen consumption were compared at dif-ferent state of charge values of the battery. The analyses were carried out over long dis-tances by repeating the driving cycles. It was observed that fuzzy logic control provid-ed 11.6% less fuel consumption than classic on-off control in NEDC and WLTP driving cycles repeated five times. The values obtained as a result of the study showed that fuzzy logic control is more advantageous to increase the energy efficiency of fuel cells.

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Integration of electric vehicle with smart grid using bidirectional SEPIC–zeta converter

Angeline,

Rajkumar

2023

Electr Eng

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13S Battery Pack and Battery Management System Design and Implementation for Electric Bicycles

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Method of creation of power sources for home appliances under constraints of limited resources

Method of creation of power sources for home appliances under constraints of limited resources

Modeling and Control of a PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System Used in a Vehicle with Fuzzy Logic Method

Integration of electric vehicle with smart grid using bidirectional SEPIC–zeta converter

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