13 Years of Storms: An Analysis of the Effects of Storms on Lake Physics on the Atlantic Fringe of Europe

Andersen, Mikkel René; Eyto, Elvira de; Dillane, Mary; Poole, Russell; Jennings, Eleanor

doi:10.3390/w12020318

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Such reasoning is supported by the greater decrease in PSD 5-95 (which is related to temperature changes) in shallower vs. deeper lakes. Similar storm-induced changes in Schmidt stability was found in previous studies conducted on three of the lakes in our dataset (Feeagh: Andersen et al 2020;Calderó-Pascual et al 2020;Feeagh, Erken, and Müggelsee: Mesman et al 2020). Internal seiches, upwelling, and internal waves breaking on the shores can also mix colder hypolimnetic water with the warmer epilimnetic water from storms in deeper lakes (i.e., Kirillin and Shatwell 2016;Kasprzak et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Other ways exist to quantify a storm and impacts of a storm on lake conditions. For example, Andersen et al (2020) defined a storm as conditions 1 d after the storm ( t + 1) compared to conditions 1 d before a storm ( t − 1). We tested the robustness of our estimates of mean ETD 5‐95 from wind and rainstorms using this alternative method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We included both the percent difference in Lake Number raw values and the number of observations of Lake Number that were <1 before and after wind and rainstorms. Lake Number values <1 indicate strong internal seiche and upwelling effects (Robertson and Imberger 1994; Woolway et al 2018; Andersen et al 2020). Based on the calculation through rLakeAnalyzer , only windstorms, and not rainstorms, should affect Lake Number changes.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In stratified lakes, epilimnetic temperatures may decrease because of colder water from the hypolimnion mixing into the epilimnion (Znachor et al 2008; Umaña‐Villalobos 2014), upwelling, internal waves breaking at the shore, or heat flux at the lake surface altered by wind, rain, or changes in air temperature (e.g., Andreas et al 1995; Kasprzak et al 2017; Rooney et al 2018). However, the extent of temperature change from storm events also depends on a variety of environmental and lake characteristics (Padisák et al 1988; Kuha et al 2016; Andersen et al 2020), such as the frequency of storm events (Smits et al 2020), internal seiche dynamics (Woolway et al, 2018), lake mixing regime (Jennings et al 2012; Kuha et al 2016), and the ratio of the watershed area to the lake surface area (WA:SA) (Jennings et al 2012; Klug et al 2012). Therefore, what constitutes a storm and how storms may affect lake processes are highly variable, making comparisons across waterbodies difficult (Stockwell et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data

Doubek

Anneville

Dur

et al. 2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind-induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long-term and high-frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind-vs. rainstorm-induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28 C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 AE 2.7 m s −1 , 1 SD) and by 0.15 C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 AE 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed ≥2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5 th percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium-depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm-induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typically <2 C. Day-to-day temperature change, in the absence of storms, often exceeded storm-induced temperature changes. Because storminduced temperature changes to lake surface waters were minimal, changes in other limnological variables (e.g., nutrient concentrations or light) from storms may have larger impacts on biological communities than temperature changes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data

Doubek

Anneville

Dur

et al. 2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Extreme weather events are common in the west of Ireland. A recent 13-year study of Lough Feeagh by Andersen et al (2020) [31] found that, on average, there were four storms per year at Lough Feeagh during the stratified period (May-September), with at least one storm occurring every year. It was also notable that the threshold wind speed value (top 2.5%) for a storm at this coastal site was 10.6 m s −1 , much higher than that reported for example in mainland Europe [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Bacterial Community Composition of a Temperate Humic Lake

Hoke

Woodhouse

Zoccarato

et al. 2020

Water

Self Cite

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Extreme weather events are projected to increase in frequency and intensity as climate change continues. Heterotrophic bacteria play a critical role in lake ecosystems, yet little research has been done to determine how they are affected by such extremes. The purpose of this study was to use high-throughput sequencing to explore the bacterial community composition of a humic oligotrophic lake on the North Atlantic Irish coast and to assess the impacts on composition dynamics related to extreme weather events. Samples for sequencing were collected from Lough Feeagh on a fortnightly basis from April to November 2018. Filtration was used to separate free-living and particle-associated bacterial communities and amplicon sequencing was performed for the 16S rRNA V4 region. Two named storms, six high discharge events, and one drought period occurred during the sampling period. These events had variable, context-dependent effects on bacterial communities in Lough Feeagh. The particle-associated community was found to be more likely to respond to physical changes, such as mixing, while the free-living population responded to changes in nutrient and carbon concentrations. Generally, however, the high stability of the bacterial community observed in Lough Feeagh suggests that the bacterial community is relatively resilient to extreme weather events.

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Functional forecasting of dissolved oxygen in high‐frequency vertical lake profiles

et al. 2022

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Predicting dissolved oxygen (DO) in lakes is important for assessing environmental conditions as well as reducing water treatment costs. High levels of DO often precede toxic algal blooms, and low DO causes carcinogenic metals to precipitate during water treatment. Typically, DO is predicted from limited data sets using hydrodynamic modeling or data-driven approaches like neural networks. However, functional data analysis (FDA) is also an appropriate modeling paradigm for measurements of DO taken vertically through the water column.In this analysis, we build FDA models for a set of profiles measured every 2 hours and forecast the entire DO percent saturation profile from 2 to 24 hours ahead. Functional smoothing and functional principal component analysis are applied first, followed by a vector autoregressive model to forecast the empirical functional principal component (FPC) scores. Rolling training windows adapt to seasonality, and multiple combinations of window sizes, model variables, and parameter specifications are compared using both functional and direct root mean squared error metrics. The FPC method outperforms a suite of comparison models, and including functional pH, temperature, and conductivity variables improves the longer forecasts. Finally, the FDA approach is useful for identifying unusual observations.

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13 Years of Storms: An Analysis of the Effects of Storms on Lake Physics on the Atlantic Fringe of Europe

Cited by 23 publications

References 54 publications

The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data

The extent and variability of storm‐induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long‐term and high‐frequency data

Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Bacterial Community Composition of a Temperate Humic Lake

Functional forecasting of dissolved oxygen in high‐frequency vertical lake profiles

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