Antimuscarinic drugs are still first-line treatment for the symptomsof overactive bladder (OAB) and are associated with good initialresponse rates. Adverse effects and decreasing efficacy overthe longer term do, however, limit their overall effectiveness. Assuch, alternatives to antimuscarinics are needed. The recognitionof the functional contribution of the urothelium, the spontaneousmyocyte activity during bladder filling, and the diversity of nervetransmitters involved in the symptoms of the OAB has sparkedinterest in pharmacologic manipulation of both peripheral andcentral pathophysiology. Some of the treatments currently underinvestigation are discussed in this review.