120 nm resolution and 55 nm structure size in STED-lithography

Wollhofen, Richard; Katzmann, Julia; Hrelescu, Calin; Jacak, Jaroslaw; Klar, Thomas A.

doi:10.1364/oe.21.010831

Cited by 160 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Proposed in the early times (Hell, 2004), writing of nanostructures based on the STED and RESOLFT concept has been experimentally realized using photochromic materials (Andrew et al 2009;Fischer et al 2010;Harke et al 2012;Li et al 2009a;Scott et al 2009;Wiesbauer et al 2013;Wollhofen et al 2013) or RSFPs . Analogously to imaging sub-diffraction features, an intensity distribution of a photoswitching laser exhibiting one or several intensity zeros is used to maintain molecules in a reactive ON-state (i.e.…”

Section: Nanoscale Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lens-based fluorescence nanoscopy

Eggeling

Willig

Sahl

et al. 2015

Quart. Rev. Biophys.

138

139

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The majority of studies of the living cell rely on capturing images using fluorescence microscopy. Unfortunately, for centuries, diffraction of light was limiting the spatial resolution in the optical microscope: structural and molecular details much finer than about half the wavelength of visible light (~200 nm) could not be visualized, imposing significant limitations on this otherwise so promising method. The surpassing of this resolution limit in far-field microscopy is currently one of the most momentous developments for studying the living cell, as the move from microscopy to super-resolution microscopy or 'nanoscopy' offers opportunities to study problems in biophysical and biomedical research at a new level of detail. This review describes the principles and modalities of present fluorescence nanoscopes, as well as their potential for biophysical and cellular experiments. All the existing nanoscopy variants separate neighboring features by transiently preparing their fluorescent molecules in states of different emission characteristics in order to make the features discernible. Usually these are fluorescent 'on' and 'off' states causing the adjacent molecules to emit sequentially in time. Each of the variants can in principle reach molecular spatial resolution and has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some require specific transitions and states that can be found only in certain fluorophore subfamilies, such as photoswitchable fluorophores, while other variants can be realized with standard fluorescent labels. Similar to conventional far-field microscopy, nanoscopy can be utilized for dynamical, multi-color and three-dimensional imaging of fixed and live cells, tissues or organisms. Lens-based fluorescence nanoscopy is poised for a high impact on future developments in the life sciences, with the potential to help solve long-standing quests in different areas of scientific research.

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Section: Nanoscale Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lens-based fluorescence nanoscopy

Eggeling

Willig

Sahl

et al. 2015

Quart. Rev. Biophys.

138

139

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“…[16][17][18] Polarization effects in laser fabrication in 2D and 3D geometries are now explored in polymerization by DLW. [19][20][21] In addition, stimulated-emission-depletion control of 3D focal volume, [22][23][24] orientation of the deposition of self-organized materials, [ 25,26 ] the melting and oxidation of thin fi lms, [ 27 ] laser ablation, [ 28,29 ] …”

Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600155mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale Precision of 3D Polymerization via Polarization Control

Rekštytė

Jonavičius

Gailevičius

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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COMMUNICATIONand as self-organized nanopatterns induced on a surface, [ 30 ] are among other polarization-related phenomena demonstrated recently.The infl uence of beam polarization orientation on laser processing has been thoroughly studied in the cases of conductive and dielectric solid targets. [ 31,32 ] There are known effects of polarization on the scalar parameters of laser-matter interaction, such as absorption coeffi cient and ionization rate. [33][34][35][36] It is also known that heat conduction fl ux (vector) in plasma might be dependent on the direction of the imposed fi eld. [ 37 ] In what follows, these effects are considered in succession: (i) accumulation from multiple pulses, (ii) effects of polarization under high-numerical aperture (NA) focusing, and (iii) the infl uence of the external high-frequency electric fi eld on electronic heat conduction. The latter contribution has not yet been considered in laser fabrication under tight focusing. All these photomodifi cation mechanisms occur simultaneously and affect polymerization, which takes approximately a millisecond for common photoresists [ 38 ] at a >90% voxel overlap at typical writing velocity of 100 µm s -1 for widespread laser 3D nanolithography. [ 39 ] In this paper, a systematic analysis via modeling and experiments is presented in order to reveal polarization effects, their infl uence on the feature size (resolution), and the coupling between thermal gradient and polarization in DLW.To study and demonstrate the polarization effects, 3D suspended resolution bridges at various angles, α , between the linear polarization and scanning direction were fabricated on a glass substrate ( Figure 1 inset in (a); see details in the Experimental Section). The line-width difference was 10%-20% (varying exposure) under typical polymerization conditions for the linearly polarized pulses. The largest width of a 3D bridge was observed when the scan direction was perpendicular to the orientation of linear polarization, α = π / 2 ( E ⊥ v s ). The heightto-width ratio of the suspended lines was dependent on the orientation of linear polarization and changed between 3.07 and 3.44; self-focusing was not present under our experimental conditions. [ 40 ] Detailed analysis of polarization, threshold, and heat accumulation effects, which are all important, are discussed next.For the experimental conditions used, the focal spot diameter (at 1/ e 2 ) can be calculated as d f = 1.22 λ /NA = 898 nm assuming, for simplicity, a Gaussian intensity profi le. However, at such tight focusing it is necessary to use the vectorial Debye theory (specifi cs [ 41 ] can be found in Section A, Supporting Information), which predicts an ellipsoidal focal spot with two lateral cross sections: W l = 790 nm and W s = 572 nm for long and short cross sections, respectively (or 500 and 360 nm at full width at half maximum (FWHM)) for the actual experimental

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“…This appeared to be a powerful tool to carry out original vortex-induced processing of optical materials, by enabling surface ablations with donut-shaped topologies [5,6] or the retrieval of the polarization distributions of complex light [7]. Moreover, vortex-assisted DLW, which derives from the stimulated emission depletion (STED) approach [8], has also led to super-resolution DLW [9,10]. Since structured light can be engineered on demand with spatial light modulators, with setups based on anisotropic crystals, or with specially designed plates engineered by DLW [11,12], it opens a large range of accessible shapes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%