1119. Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile Acquisition and Persistence among Guatemalan Children

Abstract

BackgroundLittle is known about the epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to characterize the clinical, demographic, and environmental factors associated with C.difficile acquisition and persistence over time, and assess the relationship between CDI and additional diarrheal pathogens among rural and urban Guatemalan children.MethodsChildren 6–35 months old with acute nonbloody diarrhea (<72 hours) were enrolled in an acute diarrhea clinical trial between March 2015 and January 2016 at two sites (one rural and one urban) in Guatemala. Stool samples collected at baseline and 30 days later were analyzed by multiplex PCR (FilmArray™ GI-Panel, BioFire, USA) that identifies 22 viral, parasitic and bacterial diarrheal pathogens including C. difficile. Subjects were characterized by combination of baseline and 30-day C.difficile sample results: −/+ (new acquisition), +/− (clearance), and +/+ (persistence). Associations between these categorizations and demographic, epidemiologic, and co-infecting pathogenic organisms were assessed using multivariable generalized linear models.ResultsCDI was present in 26 of 298 subjects at baseline; 13 (50%) had persistence at 30 days and 13 (50%) cleared. New acquisition at day 30 occurred in 23 subjects. In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, recent hospitalization was marginally significantly associated with C. difficile presence in stool at baseline (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.65, P = 0.07). In subjects with either new C. difficile acquisition or persistence between baseline and day 30, residence in the rural site (PR 0.33, P = 0.003)) and presence of E. coli pathotypes: enteropathogenic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) (PR 0.43, P = 0.01)) were associated with reduced risk of CDI.ConclusionIn an LMIC pediatric population, the presence of E. coli pathotypes appeared protective against C. difficile persistence/new acquisition. These findings add to our current understanding that CDI occurs in part as a result of competition within the intestinal microbiota, which may be independent of the potential pathogenicity of competing microbes. We hypothesize that this phenomenon could be suppressing the C. difficile burden among children in LMICs.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Polymicrobial enteric infections in African infants with diarrhoea—results from a longitudinal prospective case–control study

“…The recent transition from a narrow focus on individual organisms to polymicrobial carriage by the usage of multiplex PCR platforms bears important implications for emerging preventive and therapeutic approaches. The current challenge to determine the contribution of individual pathogens to diarrhoea makes treatment decisions difficult and might lead to over-utilization of antibiotics with adverse events and antimicrobial resistance [26]. Further technological refinement of such platforms is expected to significantly advance the field.…”