“…Since the beginning of the 21st century, curricular and pedagogical practices that re ect the uid and dynamic use of English by various speakers have been proposed (e.g., Jenkins, 2002;McKay, 2002). Over the past decade, studies have explored the pedagogical implications of English as a language of international communication (e.g., Sifakis, 2009), cultural aspects of ELF (e.g., Baker, 2009Baker, , 2011, and the implications of ELF research for teaching materials (e.g., Bayyurt & Altinmakas, 2012), language testing (e.g., Jenkins, 2006), and teacher education (e.g., Sifakis, 2007). ELF-related research on English pedagogy, curricula, and teaching materials are gaining more and more attention in different parts of the world, across education levels.…”