Exercise training as a preventive tool for age-related disorders: a brief review

Ciolac, Emmanuel Gomes

doi:10.6061/clinics/2013(05)20

Cited by 67 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…33 Had the sample been heterogeneous in terms of the level of physical activity and the degree of functional independence, we would have been able to evaluate the influence of both processes on pneumo-functional values. 34 Thus, we opted to restrict the sample to sedentary subjects who presented similar functional levels.…”

Section: Respiratory Strength In Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodegenerative Disorders Increase Decline in Respiratory Muscle Strength in Older Adults

et al. 2014

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, and control (n ‫؍‬ 25). The participants underwent anthropometric and cirtometric measurements associated with maximal respiratory pressures. We analyzed data using descriptive (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (1-way analysis of variance, Student t test, and Scheffé post hoc) with a level of significance of 5% (P < .05) and a CI of 95%. RESULTS: Although the anthropometric and cirtometric variables indicated similarity of values between groups (P > .05), the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were considerably lower in the subjects with PD and AD (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The control of the anthropometric and cirtometric variables of the subjects indicates that RMS is affected by the aging process, and its decline increases in neurodegenerative conditions. This fact represents a serious risk for the development of atelectasis and other pneumo-functional complications, which must be considered in proposing of future therapies.

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Section: Respiratory Strength In Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodegenerative Disorders Increase Decline in Respiratory Muscle Strength in Older Adults

et al. 2014

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“…Furthermore, when these markers of sarcopenia are concurrently compromised, they may synergistically predispose older men to greater risk and create a cycle that results in the continual exacerbation of clinical outcomes [183] . For example, those diagnosed with sarcopenia in a sample of 5,934…”

Section: Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle, fat and performance during androgen deprivation for prostate cancer

Owen¹

2018

Preprint

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Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed male cancers worldwide. One treatment, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is often accompanied with a myriad of adverse effects, including those that negatively impact muscle, fat and performance outcomes. Therefore, ADT-treated men may be living longer, but are at risk of both age- and treatment-related complications. The overall aim of this thesis was to quantify outcomes of muscle, fat and performance in men treated with ADT when compared to PCa (men diagnosed with PCa, not treated with ADT) and healthy controls (men not diagnosed with PCa), and assess the feasibility of implementing a multi-component exercise program combined with protein, calcium and vitamin D supplementation (Ex+ProCaD) compared to usual care in ADT-treated men. Methods: This thesis presents two studies that form part of a larger 52-week randomised controlled trial (RCT), which examined the efficacy of Ex+ProCaD compared to usual care in men treated with ADT for PCa. The first study presented was a nested cross-sectional study performed parallel to the baseline assessment of the RCT and examined differences in muscle, fat and performance outcomes between men treated with ADT when compared to PCa and healthy controls. The second study presented examined the feasibility of implementing the first 26 weeks of the RCT. Results: The cross-sectional study showed that height, weight, body mass index and diet were similar between the three groups, but ADT-treated men were four years older and tended to be less physically active (23-30%; P=0.054). After adjusting for age and physical activity, total body fat mass was 3.3-5.0 kg (P < 0.05) greater in men treated with ADT compared to PCa controls, but there was no difference in total body and regional lean mass. When adiposity was considered, ADT-treated men had 10-12% (P < 0.05) lower appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index and 5.6-6.4% (P < 0.05) lower forearm percent muscle cross-sectional area compared to controls. Absolute muscle strength was similar between groups, but when expressed relative to body weight, men treated with ADT had 13-21% (P < 0.05) lower muscle strength compared to controls. Whilst only two ADT-treated men had sarcopenia, these men had a higher proportion (P < 0.001) of pre-sarcopenia when appendicular lean mass was adjusted for body mass index (42%) compared to PCa (15%) and healthy (7%) controls. Men treated with ADT had 15-36% (P < 0.05) greater storage of fat within subcutaneous depots when compared to controls, whereas visceral and intermuscular fat was similar. The majority of subcutaneous fat depots (excluding android region) were shown to be positively associated with ADT duration (P < 0.05). Forearm muscle density was shown to negatively correlate with ADT duration (P < 0.05). The RCT had a high participant retention rate (96%). Adherence was high for the supplement (mean, 92-93%) and modest for the exercise program (mean, 60%). A relatively high proportion (81%) of men in the intervention group reported an adverse event, although only 16% were confirmed to be related to the intervention and the vast majority (97%) were determined to be mild or moderate in terms of severity. Across the ten separate recruitment pathways considered, clinician referral (43%) and PCa support groups (29%) yielded the greatest proportion of enrolled participants. A total of 149 potential participants were screened, which resulted in 42 participants at the time of write up for this thesis. Among the first 28 participants to complete the 26-week intervention, 21-50% were unable to complete at least one measure of muscle strength due to pre-existing comorbidities. Data from the initial 28 participants tended to show that when compared to usual care, Ex+ProCaD led to net improvements in lean mass (0.2-1.4 kg), fat mass (-0.1 to -0.9 kg), muscle strength (8.0-19%), functional muscle power (8.6%) and functional capacity (12-14%). Conclusions: The following key themes emerged from this thesis and may be used to guide clinical practice guidelines and future research: 1) Men treated with ADT for PCa had greater amounts of fat when compared to non-ADT counterparts, 2) Current definitions of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were limited in men treated with ADT for PCa, 3) The greater amounts of fat observed in men treated with ADT for PCa tended to be stored in subcutaneous depots and supersede age-related plateaus/losses, 4) The recruitment of men treated with ADT for PCa into a lifestyle intervention was challenging, and 5) Men treated with ADT for PCa tended to respond positively to a multi-modal exercise training combined with multi-nutrient supplementation.

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“…Moreover, it is well established that health preservation and prevention of age-related disorders requires the adoption of appropriate lifestyles including a habitual exercise regimen (Ciolac 2013). Indeed, regular aerobic physical activity (training) induces cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal adaptive responses (Warburton et al 2006), which increase resistance to conditions leading to increased ROS production including prolonged or strenuous exercise (Ebbeling & Clarkson 1989).…”

Section: Exercise and Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of obesity-linked skeletal muscle insulin resistance by strength and endurance training

Meo

Iossa

Venditti

2017

Journal of Endocrinology

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Obesity-linked insulin resistance is mainly due to fatty acid overload in non-adipose tissues, particularly skeletal muscle and liver, where it results in high production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that resistance and endurance training alone and in combination can counteract the harmful effects of obesity increasing insulin sensitivity, thus preventing diabetes. This review focuses the mechanisms underlying the exercise role in opposing skeletal muscle insulin resistance-linked metabolic dysfunction. It is apparent that exercise acts through two mechanisms: (1) it stimulates glucose transport by activating an insulin-independent pathway and (2) it protects against mitochondrial dysfunction-induced insulin resistance by increasing muscle antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, antioxidant supplementation combined with endurance training increases glucose transport in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle in an additive fashion only when antioxidants that are able to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes and/or the activity of components of the insulin signaling pathway are used.

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Exercise training as a preventive tool for age-related disorders: a brief review

Cited by 67 publications

References 38 publications

Neurodegenerative Disorders Increase Decline in Respiratory Muscle Strength in Older Adults

Neurodegenerative Disorders Increase Decline in Respiratory Muscle Strength in Older Adults

Muscle, fat and performance during androgen deprivation for prostate cancer

Improvement of obesity-linked skeletal muscle insulin resistance by strength and endurance training

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