Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: data from the Global Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2016

Abstract

BackgroundPortuguese-speaking countries (PSC) share the influence of the Portuguese culture but have socioeconomic development patterns that differ from that of Portugal.ObjectiveTo describe trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality in the PSC between 1990 and 2016, stratified by sex, and their association with the respective sociodemographic indexes (SDI).MethodsThis study used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 data and methodology. Data collection followed international standards for death certification, through information systems on vital statistics and mortality surveillance, surveys, and hospital registries. Techniques were used to standardize causes of death by the direct method, as were corrections for underreporting of deaths and garbage codes. To determine the number of deaths due to each cause, the CODEm (Cause of Death Ensemble Model) algorithm was applied. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and SDI (income per capita, educational attainment and total fertility rate) were estimated for each country. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThere are large differences, mainly related to socioeconomic conditions, in the relative impact of CVD burden in PSC. Among CVD, ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in all PSC in 2016, except for Mozambique and Sao Tome and Principe, where cerebrovascular diseases have supplanted it. The most relevant attributable risk factors for CVD among all PSC are hypertension and dietary factors.ConclusionCollaboration among PSC may allow successful experiences in combating CVD to be shared between those countries.

Avaliação Epidemiológica Da Mortalidade Por Doenças Hipertensivas Em Sergipe Entre 2010 E 2015

“…Dentre estes países, em 2015, os Índices Sócio Demográficos (IDS) mais baixos eram 0,28 e 0,29 na Guiné-Bissau e Moçambique, respectivamente, enquanto que no Brasil (0,66), o IDS se aproximava do de Portugal (0,75). Embora a mortalidade tenha diminuído ou permanecido estável em países com melhor IDS, o mesmo padrão não foi observado nos países com pior IDS, indicando o importante impacto da DCV e sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos (NASCIMENTO et al, 2012).…”

“…No Brasil, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) atinge 32,5% (36 milhões) de indivíduos adultos, mais de 60% dos idosos, contribuindo direta ou indiretamente para 50% das mortes por doença cardiovascular (DCV) (MALACHIAS et al, 2016). A HAS tem sido apontada por diversos estudos tanto como o principal fator de risco para mortalidade quanto preditor de anos de vida saudáveis perdidos (DALY) (LIM et al, 2012;NASCIMENTO et al, 2012;CHOR et al, 2015). Define-se por hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) como a elevação dos níveis pressóricos no valor acima de 140 mmHg para a pressão sistólica e 90 mmHg para a pressão diastólica (MALACHIAS et al, 2016;WILLIAMS et al, 2018).…”

“…As taxas de mortalidade por DCV vêm decaindo de forma consistente nos países desenvolvidos e isso se observa no Brasil, tanto em homens quanto mulheres (NASCIMENTO et al, 2012;MALTA et al, 2015;VILLELA et al, 2016). Entretanto, ele não foi observado em relação às doenças hipertensivas e hipertensão arterial, que aumentaram entre 2002 e 2009, atingindo a taxa de 32,3% em 2018 (MALA-CHIAS et al, 2016;MALTA et al, 2018).…”

The Importance of the Prehospital Phase in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

“… 1 In spite of recent advances in clinical and interventional treatment, 2 , 3 ischemic heart disease (IHD) was responsible for 116,333 deaths in 2016, of which 80% were due to acute manifestations, principally in the form of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). 4 …”

“…the hospital, has yet to be established in the literature. 4 It is also important to highlight that a recent study indicated that there are sex-specific differences, with greater delays being observed in women, mainly owing to atypical symptoms which lead to delays in the decision to seek healthcare. 5…”