Implications of the IASP’s new definition of Pain: time for new paradigms and
            rescuing its meaning

doi:10.5935/2595-0118.20200198

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…A full factorial design 2 3 was employed to investigate the influence of PVA (X 1 ), PVP (X 2 ), and EC (X 3 ) concentrations that have a significant influence on the study response. The independent variables (PVP, PVA, or EC) were evaluated at two levels, low (−) or high (+), as displayed in Table 1.…”

Section: Design and Preparation Of Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals learn about the concept of pain through their life experiences. Thus, pain plays an adaptive role, which may have adverse effects on well-being and psychological and social function [3,4]. This uncomfortable feeling may be classified into acute or chronic [2,3,5] and emotional or sensory pain [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, pain plays an adaptive role, which may have adverse effects on well-being and psychological and social function [3,4]. This uncomfortable feeling may be classified into acute or chronic [2,3,5] and emotional or sensory pain [4]. Recommendable appropriate analgesics for emotional pain are anxiolytics (minor tranquilizers), antidepressants, and antipsychotics (major tranquilizers).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of Mucoadhesive Strips for Buccal Fast Release of Tramadol

et al. 2021

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Tramadol hydrochloride is a synthetic analogue of codeine and shows activity on the central nervous system as an opioid agonist and inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. It has been used for controlling moderate to severe pain. Mucoadhesive fast-dissolving films can present greater drug availability and patient acceptance when compared to the systems of peroral administration. The films were prepared using the solvent casting method with ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and poly(vinyl alcohol). The effect of each polymer concentration was investigated using a 2³ factorial design with repetition at the central point. The formulations were subjected to physicochemical, mechanical, ex vivo mucoadhesive and in vitro drug release profile analysis. These properties were dependent on the polymeric composition (independent factors) of each system. The optimized formulations showed good macroscopic characteristics, improved resistance to bending, rigidity, rapid swelling up to 60 s, improved mechanical and mucoadhesive characteristics, and also fast dissolving and tramadol release. The optimized formulations constitute platforms and strategies to improve the therapy of tramadol with regard to availability at the site of application, considering the necessity of rapid pain relief, and show potential for in vivo evaluation.

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Section: Design and Preparation Of Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%