Is Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Measured During the Maximal Cardiopulmonary
            Exercise Test a Relevant Indicator of Sports Performance?

Laukkanen, Jari

doi:10.5935/2359-4802.20180041

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…A recent preliminary report from Portugal 35 identified that a COP above 31 was associated with mortality in 487 patients with heart failure that were followed for a mean time of 11 months, presenting the highest AUC value (0.915) among several other CPET variables with a stronger prognostic power than VO 2peak . Overall, a useful physiological and clinical information can be obtained from COP which may offer complementary information, with a definitive association between these two CEPT variables being only evident in unhealthy older subjects 37 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing is related to cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality

Laukkanen

Kunutsor

Araújo³

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) during exercise may be a potentially clinically useful cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variable, but its prognostic relevance for adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes is unknown. We aimed to assess the association of COP during exercise with fatal mortality outcomes and the extent to which COP could improve the prediction of CVD mortality. Cardiorespiratory optimal point, the minimum value of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2) in a given minute of a CPET, was defined in 2,205 men who underwent CPET. Hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for outcomes and measures of risk discrimination for CVD mortality were calculated. During a median follow‐up of 28.8 years, 402 fatal CHDs, 607 fatal CVDs, and 1,348 all‐cause mortality events occurred. COP was continually associated with each outcome in a dose‐response manner. On adjustment for established and emerging risk factors, the HRs (95% CIs) for fatal CHD, fatal CVD, and all‐cause mortality were 3.05 (1.94–4.81), 2.82 (1.91–4.18) and 2.46 (1.85–3.27), respectively, per standard deviation increase in COP. After further adjustment for high sensitivity C‐reactive protein, the HRs were 2.82 (1.78–4.46), 2.57 (1.73–3.81), and 2.27 (1.70–3.02), respectively. Addition of COP to a CVD mortality risk prediction model containing established risk factors was associated with a C‐index change of 0.0139 (0.0040 to 0.0238; p = 0.006) at 25 years. COP during exercise is directly associated with fatal cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality events in dose‐response fashions. COP during exercise may improve the prediction of the long‐term risk for CVD mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing is related to cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality

Laukkanen

Kunutsor

Araújo³

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Since its proposal in 2012, 12 COP has been assessed in several clinical and physiological studies, by our research group and others. COP has also been the topic of several editorials [26][27][28] and has been included as a variable to be considered in at least two review papers about CPX. 29,30 The current results corroborate previous research findings obtained in distinct cohorts from different countries, including Brazil, 20 Finland, 17,18 Portugal, 31 the United States, 15 the Netherlands, 14 Belgium, 32 and Germany.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Values Are Related to Cardiovascular Mortality in Men Aged 46 to 70 Years: a Prospective Cohort Study

Araújo,

Ramos,

Laukkanen

et al. 2023

International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences

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Background: Several hemodynamic and respiratory variables measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) have been shown to predict survival. One such measure is the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) that reflects the best possible circulation-respiration interaction, but there are still limited data on its relationship with adverse outcomes.Objective: To assess the association between COP and cardiovascular mortality in men aged 46 to 70 years. Methods:A sample of 2201 men who had anthropometric, clinical, and COP data obtained during cycling CPX between 1995 and 2022 was extracted from the CLINIMEX Exercise cohort. COP was identified as the minimal minute-to-minute VE/VO 2 during CPX. Vital data were censored on October 31, 2022 for ICD-10-identified cardiovascular deaths. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results:The mean ± standard deviation age was 57 ± 6 years and the median COP value was 24 (interquartile range = 21.2 to 27.4). During a mean follow-up of 4688 ± 2416 days, 129 (5.6%) patients died from cardiovascular causes. The death rates for low (< 28), high (28 to 30), and very high (> 30) categories of COP were 3.2%, 9.6%, and 18.7%, respectively. Following adjustment for age, history of myocardial infarction, diagnosis of coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus, the HR (95% CI) for cardiovascular mortality comparing very high versus low COP was 2.76 (1.87 to 4.07; p < 0.001). Conclusions:Our data indicate that, for a general population-based sample of men, COP > 30 represents a considerably higher risk for cardiovascular death. Information on COP could assist cardiovascular risk assessment in men.

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“…This U-shaped curve marks an optimal efficiency point for oxygen utilization during transitions from rest to exercise and from exercise to recovery. COP, a reproducible and physiologically based variable in CPET, is linked to all-cause mortality in the general population during routine clinical exercise assessments ( Laukkanen, 2018 ). Specifically, COP is defined as the lowest VE/VO2 ratio within a minute during CPET ( Ramos et al, 2012 ), often aligning with the first respiratory threshold ( Ramos and Araújo, 2017 ; Silva et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dry dynamic apnea on aerobic power in elite rugby athletes: a warm-up method

Wendi,

Dongzhe,

Hao

et al. 2024

Front. Physiol.

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Objective: While long-term dynamic breath-holding training has been extensively studied to enhance cardiopulmonary function in athletes, limited research has explored the impact of a single breath-holding session on subsequent athletic capacity. In addition, Dry Dynamic Apnea (DA) has a more immediate physiological response than wet and static breath-holding. This study aims to assess the immediate effects of a single session of DA on the aerobic power and hematological parameters of elite athletes.Methods: Seventeen elite male rugby athletes (average age 23.5 ± 1.8) participated in this study. Two warm-up protocols were employed prior to incremental exercise: a standard warm-up (10 min of no-load pedaling) and a DA warm-up (10 min of no-load pedaling accompanied by six maximum capacity breath holds, with 30 s between each breath hold). Fingertip blood indicators were measured before and after warm-up. The incremental exercise test assessed aerobic parameters with self-regulation applied throughout the study.Results: Compared to the baseline warm-up, the DA warm-up resulted in a significant increase in VO2peak from 3.14 to 3.38 L/min (7.64% change, p < 0.05). HRmax increased from 170 to 183 bpm (7.34% change, p < 0.05), and HRpeak increased from 169 to 182 bpm (7.52% change, p < 0.05). Hematocrit and hemoglobin showed differential changes between the two warm-up methods (PHematocrit = 0.674; Phemoglobin = 0.707).Conclusion: This study investigates how DA influences physiological factors such as spleen contraction, oxygen uptake, and sympathetic nerve activation compared to traditional warm-up methods. Immediate improvements in aerobic power suggest reduced vagus nerve stimulation, heightened sympathetic activity, and alterations in respiratory metabolism induced by the voluntarily hypoxia-triggered warm-up. Further research is warranted to comprehensively understand these physiological responses and optimize warm-up strategies for elite athletic performance.

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Is Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Measured During the Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test a Relevant Indicator of Sports Performance?

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing is related to cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality

Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing is related to cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality

High Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Values Are Related to Cardiovascular Mortality in Men Aged 46 to 70 Years: a Prospective Cohort Study

Effect of dry dynamic apnea on aerobic power in elite rugby athletes: a warm-up method

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