Corn yield for silage and grains in different integrated crop-livestock systems

Recent advances in maize production in integrated systems: A review

“…Maize intercropping with trees and other grasses, shading, and competition for soil resources may directly affect maize growth and development (Pardon et al, 2018;Pontes et al, 2018). Maize is a C4 plant, which concentrates CO2 at the Rubisco activity site and reduces O2 concentration, greatly reducing photorespiration, and warranting a better photosynthetic efficiency (Taiz et al, 2017).…”

“…Following the same tendency to reduce maize productivity with trees proximity (Mugunga et al, 2017;Pardon et al, 2018;Nardini et al, 2019), there is a tendency to a nutritional value increasing, mainly on crude protein (CP), and dry matter (DM) decreases in the pasture (Lima et al, 2019;Pezzopane et al, 2019) and in maize forage mass for silage (Pardon et al, 2018;Pontes et al, 2018). Overall, the increased CP concentration in shaded plants is attributed to an increase in the N concentration due to the absorption of mineralized N from the soil organic matter under the trees (Dollinger & Jose, 2018) and physiological changes (Reynolds et al, 2007).…”

“…Overall, the increased CP concentration in shaded plants is attributed to an increase in the N concentration due to the absorption of mineralized N from the soil organic matter under the trees (Dollinger & Jose, 2018) and physiological changes (Reynolds et al, 2007). Pontes et al (2018) evaluated the nutritive value of maize silage in a maize-forestry intercropping and monoculture system under 90 and 180 kg N ha -1 and reported a 13% reduction in DM and a 35% increase in CP of the intercropping system to monoculture with 90 kg N ha -1 fertilized. When 180 kg N ha -1 were applied, the CP was similar among systems (78 g DM kg -1 ), as well as between doses in the intercropping (80 g DM kg -1 ).…”

Minerals and potentially toxic elements in corn silage from tropical and subtropical Brazil

“…Despite major relevance, there is a lack of information about the mineral composition of the corn silage produced in Brazil, with most studies focusing on biochemical aspects (Costa et al, 2017;De Oliveira et al, 2017;Pontes et al, 2018), dry matter production, and presence of mycotoxins (Schmidt et al, 2015). Besides, nutrient concentrations of corn plant results from technological level applied by the producer and breeding evolution (Ferreira et al, 2014;Woli et al, 2019), suggesting a need to constantly update reference values.…”

“…However, this practice may increase the risk of silage contamination by the soil. Soil contamination in silage is a well-known situation (Hansen and Spears, 2009;Pontes et al, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2015) that has three principle causes: field soil on harvested plant material, tractor and vehicles tires carrying soil during the silage making process, and contamination during feed out from soils used to cover the plastic film.…”