Simultaneous Determination of Na, K and Ca in Biodiesel by Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Modern instrumentation and practical application of flame atomic emission spectrometry

“…The analysis of biodiesel by the FAES method using various types of sample preparation is widely presented in the literature: acid decomposition using HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, and H2O2, as well as their mixtures with simple or microwave [87,88] heating; dry decomposition, which makes it possible to preconcentrate the analyte, reduce the volume of strong acids at the stage of dissolution, exclude the use of organic solvents, and shorten the stages of sample preparation, thereby contributing to a decrease in the error [89]; rapid, easy-to-implement sample dissolution in organic solvents such as ethyl alcohol [90,91] and methyl oleate [92], which replaced xylene or n-hexane and made it possible to use aqueous spectroscopic standards that improved the spraying process; dissolution by emulsification of a biodiesel sample with HNO3, n-butanol (as a co-solvent) and an aqueous solution of a surfactant (Triton X-100) [93] or by microemulsification with n-propanol and an aqueous acid solution [94]; as well as a method based on reversephase dispersive liquid microextraction [95].…”

Aerosol-Phase Extraction Method for Determination of Ca, K, Mg, and Na in Biodiesel through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

“…9,10,11,12 To circumvent them, several sample preparation approaches have been 91 developed such as acid digestion and sample oxidation or combustion. 2,13,14 However, 92 these methods show some problems caused by the addition of reagents, sample 93 contamination, degradation of limits of detection and volatile compounds losses.…”

“…Dilution in an organic solvent (i.e., ethanol, xylene, or kerosene) has been widely recommended for the determination of Na, Ca, K, and Mg by AAS or ICP-OES. − Unlike FAAS, the latter technique has multielemental capability, and it provides lower limits of detection and wider dynamic ranges than the former. However, the introduction of organic samples into the plasma is a challenging subject, as ICP techniques suffer from severe interference caused by complex organic matrices (e.g., matrix effects, plasma degradation, or soot deposition at the injector tip). − To circumvent this, several sample preparation approaches have been developed, such as acid digestion and sample oxidation or combustion. ,, However, these methods show some problems caused by addition of reagents, sample contamination, degradation of limits of detection (LODs), and volatile compound losses.…”