Metal Glycerolates as Catalysts in the Transesterification of Refined Soybean Oil with Methanol under Reflux Conditions

Preliminary Assessment of the Processing of High-Acidity Fatty Materials Using Solid Catalysts for the Obtainment of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

“…As for the catalyst loads, the conventional manner is to represent the mass of catalyst used for each 100 g of the fatty material (Lisboa et al, 2014;Zatta et al, 2014). However, for the processing of high-acidity oil, the most proper form to present this variable is probably in terms of the concentration of catalyst (g L -1 ).…”

“…Each unit has unique features, concerning the catalysts, raw materials, reactional conditions (temperature, pressure, density, viscosity, etc) and purification operations. For the development of this strategy, two solid catalysts with known catalytic activity were selected and retested under reaction conditions which were different than those already presented in the literature (Lisboa et al, 2014;Lisboa et al, 2013;Reinoso et al, 2014;Zatta et al, 2013).…”

“…Several authors employed calcium diglycerolate for transesterification reactions, among them Lukic et al 2016, who also presented a review about the use of this solid (as well as calcium monoglycerolate) as catalyst towards these reactions. Other works reported the use of different metal glycerolates as catalysts for biodiesel production, such as glycerolates of potassium (Pradhan et al, 2017), lithium (Wang et al, 2015), manganese, iron, cobalt (Lau et al, 2016), calcium, strontium, barium (Lisboa et al, 2014) and zinc (Lau et al, 2016;Lisboa et al, 2014;Reinoso et al, 2014).…”

“…The reaction conditions chosen to perform this study are slightly different than those reported in previous works (Lisboa et al, 2014;Lisboa et al, 2013;Reinoso et al, 2014;Zatta et al, 2013), mainly considering the temperature range. The first block of experiments is related to the study of each reaction, while the second block is related to the processing of acid oil (FFA contents of nearly 40 %) through the coupled reactions.…”

Heterogeneously catalysed ethanolysis of sunflower oil in the presence of propylene glycol, ethyl acetate and diethyl ether as cosolvents

“…Finally, the reallocation of the tetrahedral intermediate results in the production of both biodiesel and glycerol. Lisboa et al [26] reported that the calcium diglycerolate was stable up to the third reuse cycle. This is not a big problem because the compounds formed after decomposition (CaCo 3 and Ca(oH) 2 ) could be calcinated to form the calcium oxide (Cao), and the glycerol synthesized as a by-product in soybean oil methanolysis can be used to react with calcium oxide to obtain a new batch of calcium diglycerolate.…”