The Influence of Salinity and Matrix Effect in the Determination of Antifouling Biocides in Estuarine Waters of Patos Lagoon (Southern Brazil)

Ecological effects of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on a coastal meiobenthic community: A laboratory microcosm experiment

“…Recently, both Irgarol 1051 and Diuron have been banned or imposed a regulated use in Europe because of their environmental persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms (e.g., Dafforn et al, 2011). Notwithstanding, they are still widely used worldwide and detectable environmental levels have been frequently detected in sediments, especially in marinas and harbors with high boating activities (Diniz et al, 2014;Dominguez et al, 2014).…”

Analytical methods for antifouling booster biocides determination in environmental matrices: A review

“…ABBs have been studied in many countries, including Spain [9][10][11][12][13][14], Brazil [15][16][17][18], Japan [19][20][21], China [22], Thailand [23], France [24], Korea [25,26], Greece [27,28], Sweden [29], United Kingdom (UK) [30], Vietnam [31], Southern England [32], Italy [33,34], Panama [35], the United States of America (U.S.A) [36], the Netherlands [37], and Iran [38], largely occurring in marinas with a large flow of vessels and poor maintenance system disposal. Therefore, the presence of these biocides in the marine ecosystem is increasing in terms of both frequency and concentration levels, as confirmed by analyses of sediments [11,14,31,[39][40][41], water (including dissolved and particulate fractions) [9,13,20,35,[42][43][44] and, less commonly, biota samples [20,[45]...…”

Effects of antifouling booster biocide Irgarol 1051 on the structure of free living nematodes: a laboratory experiment

“…However, different countries still use this compound as an antifouling biocide and Irgarol was detected at high concentrations in marine sediments especially in marinas and boat yards. [17][18][19] Nevertheless, few studies have been carried out to assess the toxicity of Irgarol on benthic communities when it is disposed in marine sediments. 20 The aim of the present work was to understand the effect of Irgarol 1051 on meiobenthic communities, in particular nematode assemblages, which are numerically dominant metazoans representative of the benthos.…”