A Comparative Study Between Two Different Conventional Working Electrodes for Detection of Δ<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol Using Square-Wave Voltammetry: a New Sensitive Method for Forensic Analysis

Balbino, Marco Antônio; Eleotério, Izabel Cristina; Oliveira, Laura Siqueira de; Menezes, Matheus Manoel Teles de; Andrade, José Fernando de; Ipólito, Antônio José; Oliveira, Marcelo Firmino de

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20140040

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The literature involving voltammetric determination of Δ9-THC comprehends the use of electrodes with and without chemical modification. There are methodologies for its detection when in seized samples [26][27][28][29][30] , and in saliva 31,32 . However, it should be noted that in the literature only a few studies with artificial saliva have been reported for the electrochemical detection of Δ9-THC 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Oiye

Ribeiro

Botelho³

et al. 2020

BJFS

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Currently, marijuana or cannabis is the most consumed drug worldwide, and is also the one with the highest number of seizures, with 354 tons seized in Brazil in 2017. The increase in its consumption has been called attention, not only by the authorities, due to accidents caused when driving under the influence of the drug, but also by companies that carry out toxicological analyzes on their employees. For this, rapid tests, such as colorimetric tests, are generally used to analyze the urine of users. The need for agile and proper identification of drugs of abuse has encouraged the scientific community to improve and to develop new methodologies. Electrochemical methods appear as a cheap, portable and easy to use alternative. The use of biodegradable materials for the development of disposable electrodes has become paramount today. The use of 3D printers emerges as an alternative for the manufacture of these electrodes and the use of saliva instead of urine, has also been a priority because it is a less invasive sample and difficult to adulterate. In this work, a three dimensional device was created in an innovative way containing the three electrodes, working, counter and reference, in conductive material. The device was then used to detect the active principle present in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in aqueous solution, and its metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, in samples of real saliva, both through cyclic voltammetry. The positive results show that the proposed device can be used, as well as those already found on the market, for the identification of drug use and in the forensic field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Oiye

Ribeiro

Botelho³

et al. 2020

BJFS

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“…In this way, it would be possible to use three different techniques to analyze ∆ 9 ‐THC: chromatography (SWGDRUG Category B), involving the TLC method, colorimetric testing using the FBB reagent (SWGDRUG Category C) and electrochemical analysis, which is not yet on the list of recommended methods for drug analysis . Figure depicts the voltammograms obtained after successive additions of Δ 9 ‐THC standard solution derivatized with the colorimetric reagent within a potential range from 0.9 to 0.9 V, using an optimized accumulation time of 30 s at − 0.5 V . The ∆ 9 ‐THC concentration added to the cell ranged from 0.3 ng mL −1 to 34.6 ng mL −1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the addition of 2.8 ng mL À1 , a well-defined anodic peak current arose at 0.01 V versus Ag/AgCl, KCl (sat) , indicating the formation of the phenoxy radical (21)(22)(23). This reaction may be attributed to a process involving one-electron and one-proton oxidation of the phenol group (20,(31)(32)(33) present in the Δ 9 -THC molecule (20)(21)(22)(23). The influence of scan rate indicated a linear increase of i pa .…”

Section: Voltammetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ⁹‐THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter

Balbino¹,

Oliveira²,

Eleotério³

et al. 2016

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The development of methodologies using inexpensive, fast, and reliable instrumention is desirable in illicit drug analysis. The purpose of this study was based on cyclic voltammetry technique to differentiate the electrochemical behavior of ∆(9) -THC, the psychoactive substance in marijuana, and five different extract plants to yield false positive results after analysis protocol for cannabinoids using thin-layer chromatography and Fast Blue B salt. After applying a deposition potential of -0.5 V in a glassy carbon working electrode, the results indicated an anodic peak current at 0.0 V versus Ag/AgCl after addition of ∆(9) -THC solution in the electrochemical cell, and limits of detection and quantification were 1.0 ng mL(-1) and 3.5 ng mL(-1) , respectively. Other interfering plants showed distinct amperometric responses. This methodology was useful to detect ∆(9) -THC even in the presence of the Fast Blue B salt, which avoided false positive results for all the studied extract plants.

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“…There has been few reports of the electrochemical sensing of Δ 9 -THC. The direct electrochemistry of Δ 9 -THC has been reported by absorptive striping voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode [ 10 ], and by square wave voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode [ 11 ] and at a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode [ 12 ]. In all cases, pre-concentration of Δ 9 -THC onto the electrode was required to maximize sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva

Wanklyn¹,

Burton²,

Enston³

et al. 2016

Chemistry Central Journal

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BackgroundCannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing.ResultsA screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide mediated detection of Δ9-THC in saliva. Mediator placed in an overlayer was galvanostatically oxidized and reacted with Δ9-THC to give an electrochemically active adduct which could be detected by chronoamperometric reduction. Detection of 25-50 ng/mL Δ9-THC spiked into undiluted saliva was achieved with a response time of 30 s. A trial of the sensors with four cannabis smokers showed sensitivity of 28 %, specificity of 99 % and accuracy of 52 %.ConclusionsRapid electrochemical detection of Δ9-THC in undiluted saliva has been demonstrated using a disposable sensor, however the sensitivity is lower than acceptable. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the sensitivity of response to Δ9-THC.

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A Comparative Study Between Two Different Conventional Working Electrodes for Detection of Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol Using Square-Wave Voltammetry: a New Sensitive Method for Forensic Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

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Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ⁹‐THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter

Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva

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A Comparative Study Between Two Different Conventional Working Electrodes for Detection of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Using Square-Wave Voltammetry: a New Sensitive Method for Forensic Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ9‐THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter

Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva

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A Comparative Study Between Two Different Conventional Working Electrodes for Detection of Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol Using Square-Wave Voltammetry: a New Sensitive Method for Forensic Analysis

The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ⁹‐THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter