Certified Reference Material for Traceability in Environmental Analysis: PAHs in Toluene

Guimarães, Evelyn de Freitas; Rego, Eliane Cristina Pires do; Cunha, Helen C. M.; Rodrigues, Janaína Marques; Figueroa‐Villar, José Daniel

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20130303

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Five (5) mg of high-purity materials were used for the batch preparation of the candidate certified reference material. The analytical balance XP205 was used to assess the purity of reagents used as prescribed by Guimarães et al (2014).…”

Section: Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (Qa/qc) Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) and its Enteric Parasite, Electrotaenia malopteruri Sampled from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

et al. 2021

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Contamination of Lekki lagoon by petrogenic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) has been widely reported. The study was aimed at investigating the bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus collected from Lekki lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria. BTEX was analyzed in the intestine, water, and sediment samples using 8260B Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). While PAHs were tested in the same media using a gas chromatograph coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Histopathological analysis of the fish intestine was conducted using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Parasite intensity, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation activities were investigated in the fish. The parasitic infection detected in Malapterurus electricus was Electrotaenia malopteruri. The parasite showed weak and no depurative capacities for BTEX and PAH respectively. The decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in conjunction with an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) characterized relatively higher susceptibility among the male fish. Varieties of tissue injuries increased with the standard length of the fish groups. Results suggest that lengthier and uninfected M. electricus were more susceptible to PAH in Lekki lagoon than the shorter and infected ones. The study demonstrated a promising tendency of the enteric parasite, E. malopteruri to depurate chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m+p-xylene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene from the intestine of its host fish, M. electricus, while PAHs were poorly mediated by the parasite.

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Section: Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (Qa/qc) Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) and its Enteric Parasite, Electrotaenia malopteruri Sampled from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

et al. 2021

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“…Certified reference material (CRM) is a reference material characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified properties. It is accompanied by a certificate, its associated uncertainty, and a statement of metrological traceability [1][2][3]. CRM is essential used for calibration, testing, and method validation [1][2][3].…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The added value of monazite as a natural resource can be improved by processing monazite sand into lanthanum oxide in-house CRM [1,4]. Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) is a potentially useful material for various optical and electronic applications, such as high gate dielectric material, capacitors, non-volatile memories, optical filters, and waveguides [5].…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lanthanum was precipitated as lanthanum oxalate, then calcined to obtain lanthanum oxide [13][14]. The steps for synthesis of the lanthanum oxide CRM are the preparation of lanthanum oxide, homogeneity study, stability study, characterization, and evaluation of uncertainty [1,15]. Certification of lanthanum oxide determines the average oxide concentration and the uncertainty by using the ISO 35-2006 statistical method [2,16,18].…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Certification of Lanthanum Oxide Extracted from Monazite Sand

et al. 2020

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Synthesis and certification of lanthanum oxide extracted from monazite sand have been carried out. This research aimed to increase the added value of monazite sand and obtain the lanthanum oxide in-house certified reference material (CRM). Synthesis of lanthanum oxide consists of several stages, namely: monazite sand digestion, rare-earth elements hydroxide [REE(OH)3] precipitation, Ce separation, Nd separation, lanthanum oxalate precipitation, and calcination. Certification of lanthanum oxide was carried out by determining the average concentration of the oxides and its uncertainty from the seven accredited laboratories by the ISO 35-2006 statistical method. Two other minerals in the lanthanum oxide analyzed by the XRD method were cerium hydroxide [Ce(OH)3] and neodymium yttrium oxide fluoride (Nd2Y2O3F16). Lanthanum oxide certified contains ten oxides, with the two highest concentrations of La2O3 (91.662 ± 0.007)% and Nd2O3 (3.949 ± 0.002)%. Lanthanum oxide has met the qualification in-house CRM since it contained water less than 1%, was homogeneous, stable, and certified. La2O3 concentration in the lanthanum oxide in-house CRM from CSAT-BATAN, Indonesia was not significantly different in comparison to that from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand. Lanthanum oxide extracted from monazite sand can be used as reference material in determining the lanthanum oxide quality from the pilot plant process.

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“…Whilst the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes have not been proven [ 19 , 20 ], they are precursors of toxic radical in the atmosphere [ 21 ]. In this regard, in addition to direct adverse health effects of BTEX, they can be classified as the main precursors of the production of secondary pollutants by photochemical reactions such as proxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) and O 3, which can endanger human health [ 4 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

Abtahi

Fakhri

Conti

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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In the current study, the concentration of some pollutants which are categorized as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and o-xylenes (o-X), in the air of Tehran was evaluated by the aid of a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Also, the health risk for the exposed population was estimated using the recommended methods by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The rank order based on their concentration in BTEX was benzene (149.18 µg/m3: 31%) > o-xylene (127.16 µg/m3: 27%) > ethylbenzene (110.15 µg/m3: 23%) > toluene (87.97 µg/m3: 19%). The ratio B/T in this study was calculated as 1.69, repressing that both stationary and mobile sources of emission can be considered as the main sources for benzene and toluene. Moreover, strong photochemical activity in Tehran was demonstrated by the high ratio of E/o-X. Meta-regression indicates that the concentration of BTEX has insignificantly (p-value > 0.05) increased over time. The BTEX compounds based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) were ordered as benzene > o-xylene > ethylbenzene > toluene. Percentile 95% of THQ due to benzene (4.973) and o-xylene (1.272) was higher than a value of 1. Percentile 95% excessive cancer risk (ECR) for benzene (1.25 × 106) and ethylbenzene (1.11 × 106) was higher than a value of 1.00 × 106. The health risk assessment indicated that the population of Tehran are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

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Certified Reference Material for Traceability in Environmental Analysis: PAHs in Toluene

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Comparative Bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) and its Enteric Parasite, Electrotaenia malopteruri Sampled from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

Comparative Bioaccumulation of PAH and BTEX in Malapterurus electricus (Siluriformes: Malapteruridae) and its Enteric Parasite, Electrotaenia malopteruri Sampled from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

Synthesis and Certification of Lanthanum Oxide Extracted from Monazite Sand

The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

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