The Synthesis of Glycerophospholipids for Use as a Booster Biocide in Antifouling Coatings

Synthesis of Lysoglycerophosphocholines from Crude Soybean Lecithins as Sustainable and Non-toxic Antifouling Agents against the Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei

“…30 With special attention to the fish farming industry, this work's results elaborate on ALPC and LGPC activity against the golden mussel when applied to aquaculture nets and revealed that both LGPCs and ALPCs (ALPC16 and ALPC18) are capable of inhibiting this organism's growth. This important discovery thus ratifies and deepens our previous investigations on LGPC and APLC16 antifouling abilities�which have shown so far a greater anti-epibiotic proliferation than commercial antifoulants Econea and coppersulfate 31 �and still holds an immense promise as biocidecoating additives (https://lasape.iq.ufrj.br/eng/tinta_ antincrustante.html).…”

“…When compared to the literature precedents of lysolecithin alkaline O-alkylation, 31 which used dichloroethane as the solvent of choice and TBAHS as the phase-transfer catalyst, the solvent-free synthetic route herein described represents an environmentally friendlier and cheaper approach to ALPC production without significant loss of efficacy. Furthermore, this technique achieved completion with total consumption of the alkyl halide, requiring no additional agent (e.g., ammonium hydroxide) to its quenching.…”

“…LGPC's and ALPC's components' structure formation and yields were thus confirmed through spectrometric analysis: IR, 13 C, 1 H NMR, and mass spectrometry. [29][30][31]33 These spectra are provided in Figures S2−S20�Supporting Information section.…”

“…LGPC preparation followed an adaptation of our previously published synthetic procedure . To a 2000 mL glass reactor with five joints of 24 × 40 N coupled with a mechanical stirrer EUROSTAR POWER-B IKA, methanol (1500 mL), non-purified soybean lecithin (1 mol), and the alkaline agent (either NaOH, Na 0 or NaOMe) (2.4 mol) were added.…”

“…Meanwhile, ALPC 1- O -hexadecyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (ALPC16), obtained through an alkylation treatment of LGPCs, was able to reduce marine bacterial proliferation ( e.g. , Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio estuarians, Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) , and was proved to be as effective as an antifoulant as the commercial “booster biocide” Econea . Additionally, LGPCs showed biocide activity against marine microfoulants similar to that observed for copper sulfate.…”