Cadmium-Contaminated Soil: Metal Extractability and Chemical Kinetics of Filter Cake Organic Matter Degradation

Effect of feather compost on soil chemical indicators in CCN-51 cocoa plantation (Theobroma cacao L.)

“…In general, the application of compost based on different inputs has similar effects as the FC on the soil, as well Firme et al (2014) found significant differences in OM and CIC. Also, Alvarado (2016) showed significant effect on organic matter and phosphorus; Ramírez et al (2015) with worm humus and manure, found a positive effect and increased the contents of OM, P and K + ; Gracia (2012) found changes in the content of OM, macro and micronutrients; Orozco and Muñoz (2011) with chicken increased OM and CEC.…”

“…According to Table 3, no significant differences were found between the different treatments for pH, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Cd 2+ ;indicators; This result is partially related to some works such as that of Florida et al (2018) who point out that the application of cowure compost showed no significant effects for Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Cd 2+ , but found differences for pH, producing an increase, Although this does not change the critical level (strongly acidic). Also, Firme et al (2014) point out that the application of organic amendments significantly improves the pH. However, Torres (2018) applying hen and vacancy found significant increases in pH values (from 4.58 to 4.83); also, Ramírez et al (2015) with the application of worm humus found the same behavior.…”

“…These high levels of OM and N are consisten with what is reported by Florida and Reategui (2019); in addition, according to Bhange et al (2016) the application of the FC significantly improves the soil OM, N, P and K levels are not high in proximal FC analysis, their decomposition resistance noted by Hadas and Kautsky (1994) and its semi-slow release of its components (Adetunji et al, 2012) promote and adequate incorporation into the soil and increase the levels of some nutrients such as P, K and others. Also, its high OM content may be increasing exchange sites and forming stable complexes (Cortes et al, 2016;Firme et al, 2014), favoring the retention and increase of the main interchangeable cations.…”

“…about this , Carreño and Chaparro (2013) they point out that aluminum toxicity is the first factor that limiting crop production in acidic soils, because 50% of the potentially arable soil is acidic, particularly soils with warm and humid conditions of the tropical southern belt in which Peru is located; in these types of soils acidity is mainly a consequence of interchangeable aluminum (Castro and Munevar, 2013),because under conditions of acidic soil at pH less than 5.5, Al 3+ aluminum ions are solubilized and can penetrate root cells, which inhibits root growth and hinders the absorption of water and essential nutrients such as phosphorus and calcium (Carreño and Chaparro, 2013) The results in Table 3 show a sustained trend of Al 3+ reduction from 5.14 FC1 to 3.34 Cmol. Kg -1 in FC4, reducing by 35.01% on average, this behavior is attributable to the capacity to complex inorganic materials by OM (Martínez et al, 2008), reducing mobility factors by producing an increase in exchange sites, forming stable complexes, mineral precipitation and ion exchange (Cortes et al, 2016;Firme et al, 2014). These interactions improve the availability of P, block potential reaction sites with Fe, Al and Ca (Martínez et al, 2008) and increase the retention capacity of different soil metals (Firme et al, 2014).…”

“…Kg -1 in FC4, reducing by 35.01% on average, this behavior is attributable to the capacity to complex inorganic materials by OM (Martínez et al, 2008), reducing mobility factors by producing an increase in exchange sites, forming stable complexes, mineral precipitation and ion exchange (Cortes et al, 2016;Firme et al, 2014). These interactions improve the availability of P, block potential reaction sites with Fe, Al and Ca (Martínez et al, 2008) and increase the retention capacity of different soil metals (Firme et al, 2014). There is limited information on the capacity of different types of compost in reducing aluminum, however, Orozco and Thienhaus (1997) found trends in Al 3+ decline and signal the potential of compost to improve this chemical soil indicator.…”