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Soybean cultivation requires herbicide application in the off-season, before emergence for weed desiccation, and after emergence. It is believed that the use of preand post-emergent herbicides combined with preharvest application may negatively affect the quality of soybean seeds. As such, the present study aimed to assess the effect of preand post-emergent herbicides on soybean seed quality. Five field experiments were conducted during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons to investigate the effects of synthetic auxins and pre-emergents, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, broadleaf herbicides, and s-metolachlor or clomazone on the quality of soybean seeds. Dicamba application combined with the pre-emergent herbicides imazethapyr/flumioxazin before soybean planting reduced seed vigor and germination. ACCase inhibitors in association with broadleaf herbicides before planting had no effect on seed quality. Applying s-metolachlor (up to 2,880 g of active ingredient [ai] ha-1) or clomazone (up to 1,800 g ai ha-1) was safe for seed germination, even when used after soybean emergence.
Soybean cultivation requires herbicide application in the off-season, before emergence for weed desiccation, and after emergence. It is believed that the use of preand post-emergent herbicides combined with preharvest application may negatively affect the quality of soybean seeds. As such, the present study aimed to assess the effect of preand post-emergent herbicides on soybean seed quality. Five field experiments were conducted during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons to investigate the effects of synthetic auxins and pre-emergents, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, broadleaf herbicides, and s-metolachlor or clomazone on the quality of soybean seeds. Dicamba application combined with the pre-emergent herbicides imazethapyr/flumioxazin before soybean planting reduced seed vigor and germination. ACCase inhibitors in association with broadleaf herbicides before planting had no effect on seed quality. Applying s-metolachlor (up to 2,880 g of active ingredient [ai] ha-1) or clomazone (up to 1,800 g ai ha-1) was safe for seed germination, even when used after soybean emergence.
Straw from no-till cropping systems, in addition to increasing the soil organic matter content, may also impede the movement of applied herbicides into the soil and, thus, alter the behavior and fate of these compounds in the environment. Rain or irrigation before or after an herbicide treatment can either help or hinder its movement through the straw, influencing weed control. Our objective was to develop a system for herbicide application and rain simulation, enabling the evaluation of the movement of various herbicides either in dry or wet straw under different rainfall volumes (25, 50, 75, and 100 mm). The amount of the applied herbicides that moved through the straw were collected and measured using a liquid chromatograph with a tandem mass spectrometry system (LC-MS/MS). Measurements obtained with the developed system showed a high herbicide treatment uniformity across all replications. The movement of the active ingredients through the straw showed variability that was a function of the applied herbicide, ranging from 17% to 99%. In wet straw, the collected herbicide remained constant from 50 to 100 mm of simulated rainfall. For the wet straw, the decreasing percentages of the herbicide movement through straw to the soil were sulfentrazone (99%), atrazine and diuron (91% each), hexazinone (84%), fomesafen (80.4%), indaziflam (79%), glyphosate (63%), haloxyfop-p-methyl (45%), and S-metolachlor (27%). On the dry straw, the decreasing percentages of the herbicide movement were fomesafen (88%), sulfentrazone (74%), atrazine (69.4%), hexazinone (69%), diuron (68.4%), glyphosate (48%), indaziflam (34.4%), S-metolachlor (22%), and haloxyfop-p-methyl (18%). Overall, herbicide movement was higher in wet straw (with a previous 25 mm simulated rainfall layer) than in dry straw. Some herbicides, like haloxyfop-p-methyl and indaziflam, exhibited over 50% higher movement in wet straw than dry straw after 100 mm of simulated rain. The developed system can be adapted for various uses, serving as a valuable tool to evaluate the behavior of hazardous substances in different agricultural and environmental scenarios.
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