Solvent-free synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b] phthalazine-triones promoted by cavitational phenomenon using iodine as catalyst

Molecular iodine as a mild catalyst for cross-coupling of alkenes and alcohols

“…Its catalytic activity is attributed to an attractive halogen bond between the iodine atoms and the substrate molecule [32], which is the consequence of a positive polarization of the iodine atoms (the σ hole) due to an anisotropic electron distribution [33,34]. Unlike the heavy metals, iodine is an environmentally friendly and a relatively inexpensive element, which exhibits high catalytic activity even under solvent-free reaction conditions (SFRC) [35][36][37][38][39]. Aside from being a metal-free substance, it has several assets, such as broad catalytic potential, water-tolerance, lower price and environmental friendliness.…”

Preparation, characterization, and use of novel Cu@Fe3O4 MNPs in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-1(2H)-ones and 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones under solvent-free conditions

“…[19][20][21][22][23] Diverse types of method and catalyst have been developed for the acceleration of the production of phthalazine derivatives; however, several of these procedures suffer from some limitations. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Hence, it is essential to expand an improved path for the effectual synthesis of these compounds under mild reaction conditions. determined using an Electrothermal-9100 apparatus with no correction.…”

Synthesis of 2 H- indazolo[2,1- b ]phthalazine-1,6,11(13 H )-triones using 1,4-disulfo-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium dihydrogen sulfate {DABCO(HSO 3 ) 2 (HSO 4 ) 2 } as a new ionic liquid catalyst

“…Recently, synthesis of 2H-indazolo [2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-triones , as an important derivatives of these types of compounds have been reported using cyanuric chloride [7], Mg(HSO 4 ) 2 [8], iodine [9], H 2 SO 4 [10], ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) [11], silica supported poly phosphoric acid [12], p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) [13], H 14 [NaP 5 W 30 O 110 ]/SiO 2 [14], silica sulfuric acid [15], melamine trisulfonic acid (MTSA) [16] as the catalysts. However, many of these methodologies are associated with one or more disadvantages such as use of expensive catalyst or toxic organic solvents [8,11], strong acidic conditions [10], and harsh reaction conditions [12,13].…”