Green Propellants - Oxidizers

Abstract

The research for low toxicity and no damage to the environment has stimulated the development of specific investigation lines in many areas. Inevitably, the criteria for safe handling, sensitivity and, above all, specific impulse (efficiencies) of propellant compositions are still superior in relation to ecological appeals. Nowadays, however, the solid or liquid propulsion, as aerospace as military, has already compounds to efficiency and eco-friendly characteristics. This study aimed at describing "green" alternatives to propulsive systems.

Tetranitroacetimidic Acid: A High Oxygen Oxidizer and Potential Replacement for Ammonium Perchlorate

“…Contamination of soil and water has driven major health concerns, as perchlorates can affect normal thyroid functions by competing with the binding sites of iodine, which is linked to thyroid cancer . In addition, a major disadvantage of AP is that the chlorine content causes a white smoke that can be easily detected by radar or seen when the humidity is high . Therefore, considerable effort has been made to replace AP in propellant formulations.…”

A Halogen‐Free Green High Energy Density Oxidizer from H‐FOX

“…Most secondary explosives require an additional external oxygen source for complete oxidation of the hydrocarbon (fuel) portion. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the usual choice as a stable oxidizer in advanced explosions as well as for propellants for rockets and missiles,, but several problems are associated with AP, including release of perchlorate anion into groundwater giving rise to significant health concerns;, formation of hydrogen chloride during burning that contributes to acid rain and ozone depletion, and of chlorine that causes a white smoke that can be detected readily by radar . Perchlorate‐free replacements for AP are ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF), but they also suffer from various drawbacks such as high sensitivity, low thermal stability, and hygroscopicity , .…”

Process development, friction insensitivity improvement and compatibility studies of tetranitroacetimidic acid

“…Moreover, ammonium perchlorate-based composite propellants (APCPs), containing a typical composition of aluminum and polybutadiene binders, provide a large magnitude of specic impulse. 1 Applications of APCPs have also gained importance in pyrotechnic devices (warning ares and reworks), air bag inators, and aircra ejection seats due to their simplicity and reliability. 2 On the other hand, AP has been detected as toxic to the environment to a large extent.…”

“…Effect of nitric acid quantity on the TNAA yield.Fig. 3Spectra of (a) DSC, (b) FTIR, (c) 13 C, and (d)1 H NMR of the compound obtained using DMF as a solvent.…”