Factor analysis of the Resilience Scale for Brazilian caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease

Monteiro, Alexandre; Neto, José Pedro Simões; Santos, Raquel Luiza; Kimura, Nathália; Baptista, Maria Alice Tourinho; Dourado, Marcia Cristina Nascimento

doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0179

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The relationship among this triad, resilience, grit and perseverance, is, however, evident in the large body of literature [58][59][60] . Like resilience, grit is believed to have more attributes related to constructs such as self-efficacy, conscientiousness, perseverance, mindset, self-control, mindfulness 31,32 and equanimity [32][33][34] . This notion is in good agreement with our theoretical model of resilience that should constitute resilience in addition to perseverance, that is, wisdom, patience (or tolerance), loving-kindness, perseverance, mindfulness and equanimity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development and validation of a new resilience inventory based on inner strength

Wongpakaran

Yang

Varnado

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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There are a number of resilience scales with good psychometric properties. However, the various scales differ in their item content in accordance with the model of resilience the developer had in mind. Culture is one of the reasons for the difference. Thailand, one of the Buddhist cultures, has a different view on resilience compared with Western culture. This study aimed to develop and validate a resilience inventory created based on the inner strength concept using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch measurement model. The resilience inventory (RI) was developed by creating new items representing inner strengths attributed to resilience. The inner strength was adopted to form the resilience construct, including perseverance, wisdom, patience, mindfulness, loving-kindness and equanimity. In addition, face and content validity were examined by experts in both mental health and Buddhism. The final RI comprised nine items with a 5-point Likert-type scale. The RI-9 was completed by 243 medical students who participated in the study, along with other measurements, i.e., Inner Strength-Based Inventory (iSBI), measuring the ten characteristics of perfection or inner strength, and the Core Symptom Index, measuring anxiety, depression and somatization symptoms. CFA, internal consistency and the Polytomous Rasch rating model were used to investigate the RI-9 construct validity. The mean age of the participants was 22.7 years (SD, 0.8); one-half were male (50%). The RI-9 construct demonstrated item hierarchy as follows: perseverance, patience (tolerance), mindfulness and equanimity, wisdom and loving-kindness. CFA showed that the unidimensional model fitted the data well. Rasch analysis showed no misfitting items and local dependence. The reliability of the person and item was good, and no disordered threshold was observed. Two items were found to exhibit differential item functioning due to sex. RI-9 scores were significantly related to all ten strengths from the iSBI, whereas they were negatively related to depression, anxiety, somatization and interpersonal difficulties. The RI-9 demonstrated validity and reliability. It constitutes a promising tool for outcome assessment in nonclinical populations. Further investigation on external validity as well as psychometric validation in other different cultures, should be encouraged.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development and validation of a new resilience inventory based on inner strength

Wongpakaran

Yang

Varnado

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…79% ( n = 158) were female; 82% ( n = 163) were married; 62% ( n = 122) caring for spouse; 23% ( n = 65) caring for parent; 5.1% ( n = 10) caring for ‘other’ Type of dementia: Alzheimer’s Disease or dementia British Columbia, Canada (English) Controlled mixed methods intervention study (Not reported) None specified Ideal internal consistency (time 1 and time 2 α = 0.91) Not hypothesis driven: Responsiveness: There was a significant improvement in resilience from T1 to T2 for the grief coaching intervention group compared to the control group ( F = 10.70, df = 185, p = .009), and there was no change in the control group. Effect sizes not reported Monteiro et al [ 32 ] (To test the construct validity of the Resilience Scale through exploratory and confirmatory procedures, and to investigate the relationship between caregiver’s resilience and clinical status of people with Alzheimer’s disease) N = 143 carers of people with AD; mean age = 58.8 (SD = 14.3); N = 118 females. No other demographic information is presented Rio de Jeneiro, Brazil (Portuguese) Cross-sectional design (Face to face interviews) None specified Adequate to ideal internal consistency α = 0.77 The factor analysis found a four-factor solution—sense of life and self-sufficiency, perseverance, self-confidence and equanimity, and meaningfulness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review and psychometric evaluation of resilience measurement scales for people living with dementia and their carers

Windle

Macleod

Algar-Skaife

et al. 2022

BMC Med Res Methodol

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Psychometrically sound resilience outcome measures are essential to establish how health and care services or interventions can enhance the resilience of people living with dementia (PLWD) and their carers. This paper systematically reviews the literature to identify studies that administered a resilience measurement scale with PLWD and/or their carers and examines the psychometric properties of these measures. Electronic abstract databases and the internet were searched, and an international network contacted to identify peer-reviewed journal articles. Two authors independently extracted data. They critically reviewed the measurement properties from the available psychometric data in the studies, using a standardised checklist adapted for purpose. Fifty-one studies were included in the final review, which applied nine different resilience measures, eight developed in other populations and one developed for dementia carers in Thailand. None of the measures were developed for use with people living with dementia. The majority of studies (N = 47) focussed on dementia carers, three studies focussed on people living with dementia and one study measured both carers and the person with dementia. All the studies had missing information regarding the psychometric properties of the measures as applied in these two populations. Nineteen studies presented internal consistency data, suggesting seven of the nine measures demonstrate acceptable reliability in these new populations. There was some evidence of construct validity, and twenty-eight studies hypothesised effects a priori (associations with other outcome measure/demographic data/differences in scores between relevant groups) which were partially supported. The other studies were either exploratory or did not specify hypotheses. This limited evidence does not necessarily mean the resilience measure is not suitable, and we encourage future users of resilience measures in these populations to report information to advance knowledge and inform further reviews. All the measures require further psychometric evaluation in both these populations. The conceptual adequacy of the measures as applied in these new populations was questionable. Further research to understand the experience of resilience for people living with dementia and carers could establish the extent current measures -which tend to measure personal strengths -are relevant and comprehensive, or whether further work is required to establish a new resilience outcome measure.

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Factor analysis of the Resilience Scale for Brazilian caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease

Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

The development and validation of a new resilience inventory based on inner strength

The development and validation of a new resilience inventory based on inner strength

A systematic review and psychometric evaluation of resilience measurement scales for people living with dementia and their carers

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