Increased insulin resistance is associated with depressive symptoms due to Long COVID

Maes, M.; Almulla, Abbas F.; Al‐Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem

doi:10.47626/1516-4446-2023-0048

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…shown by an elevated HOMA2IR index 71,72 . COVID-19, being a respiratory tract infection, has been found to affect various cell types and can result in extrapulmonary consequences 73,74 .…”

Section: It Has Been Reported That Long Covid Is Marked By the Develo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased galanin-galanin receptor 1 signaling, inflammation, and insulin resistance are associated with affective symptoms and chronic fatigue syndrome due to Long COVID

Al Masoodi,

Radhi,

Abdalsada

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background. Long COVID (LC) patients frequently suffer from neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), relabeled as the physio-affective phenome of LC. Activated immune-inflammatory pathways and insulin resistance key play a role in these physio-affective symptoms due to LC. Aims: To examine the associations between the Hamilton Depression (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) and Fibro Fatigue (FF) Rating Scale scores and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), galanin-galanin receptor 1 (GAL-GALR1) signaling, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), and damage biomarkers such as S100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in 90 subjects 3-6 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results. LC patients show higher HAMD, HAMA, and FF scores, CRP, PGE2, GAL-GALR1 signaling, insulin resistance, PAI1, NSE, and S100B than participants without LC. The HAMD/HAMA/FF scores were significantly correlated with PGE, CRP, GAL, GALR1, insulin resistance, and PAI1 levels, and a composite score based on peak body temperature (PBT) - oxygen saturation (SpO2) (PBT/SpO2 index) during the acute infectious phase. A large part of the variance in the affective and CFS symptoms (33.6%-42.0%) was explained by a combination of biomarkers; the top-3 most important biomarkers were GAL-GALR1 signaling, PGE2, and CRP. Inclusion of the PBT/SpO2 index increased the prediction considerably (55.3%-67.1%). The PBT/SpO2 index predicted the increases in GAL-GALR1 signaling. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the affective symptoms and CFS of Long COVID are largely the consequence of activated immune-inflammatory pathways, metabolic aberrations, and the severity of the inflammation during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…shown by an elevated HOMA2IR index 71,72 . COVID-19, being a respiratory tract infection, has been found to affect various cell types and can result in extrapulmonary consequences 73,74 .…”

Section: It Has Been Reported That Long Covid Is Marked By the Develo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased galanin-galanin receptor 1 signaling, inflammation, and insulin resistance are associated with affective symptoms and chronic fatigue syndrome due to Long COVID

Al Masoodi,

Radhi,

Abdalsada

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms

Almulla,

Maes,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundAutoimmune responses contribute to the pathophysiology of Long COVID, affective symptoms and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).ObjectivesTo examine whether Long COVID, and its accompanying affective symptoms and CFS are associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)A/IgM/IgG directed at neuronal proteins including myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), synapsin, α+β-tubulin, neurofilament protein (NFP), cerebellar protein-2 (CP2), and the blood-brain-barrier-brain-damage (BBD) proteins claudin-5 and S100B.MethodsIgA/IgM/IgG to the above neuronal proteins, human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were measured in 90 Long COVID patients and 90 healthy controls, while C-reactive protein (CRP), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in association with affective and CFS ratings were additionally assessed in a subgroup thereof.ResultsLong COVID is associated with significant increases in IgG directed at tubulin (IgG-tubulin), MBP, MOG and synapsin; IgM-MBP, MOG, CP2, synapsin and BBD; and IgA-CP2 and synapsin. IgM-SARS-CoV-2 and IgM-HHV-6 antibody titers were significantly correlated with IgA/IgG/IgM-tubulin and -CP2, IgG/IgM-BBD, IgM-MOG, IgA/IgM-NFP, and IgG/IgM-synapsin. Binary logistic regression analysis shows that IgM-MBP and IgG-MBP are the best predictors of Long COVID. Multiple regression analysis shows that IgG-MOG, CRP and AOPP explain together 41.7% of the variance in the severity of CFS. Neural network analysis shows that IgM-synapsin, IgA-MBP, IgG-MOG, IgA-synapsin, IgA-CP2, IgG-MBP and CRP are the most important predictors of affective symptoms due to Long COVID with a predictive accuracy of r=0.801.ConclusionBrain-targeted autoimmunity contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of Long COVID and the severity of its physio-affective phenome.

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Increased insulin resistance is associated with depressive symptoms due to Long COVID

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Increased galanin-galanin receptor 1 signaling, inflammation, and insulin resistance are associated with affective symptoms and chronic fatigue syndrome due to Long COVID

Increased galanin-galanin receptor 1 signaling, inflammation, and insulin resistance are associated with affective symptoms and chronic fatigue syndrome due to Long COVID

Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms

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