Hiding in plain sight: an evolutionary approach to the South American Zika outbreak and its future consequences

Apari, Péter; Bajer, Katalin; Brooks, Daniel R.; Molnár, Orsolya

doi:10.3897/zoologia.36.e36272

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(56 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Ezek a kórokozók jól szemléltetik azt a hibás elképzelést, miszerint az országhatárok korlátozni tudják a betegségek terjedését. A felismerés, hogy a Zika-vírus nemcsak szúnyog csípésével, hanem szexuális úton is fertőzőképes (Apari et al 2019), valamint a gyors északamerikai terjedése alapos leckét adott abból, hogy menynyire fontos, hogy globális szintű, részletes és pontos információ álljon rendelkezésre a felbukkanó fertőzések potenciális és valós veszélyeiről mind helyi, mind globális léptékben.…”

Section: A Felbukkanó Kórokozók Jellemzően Zoonotikusak éS Jellemzően Alig Ismerjük őKetunclassified

Változó éghajlat, változó környezet, változó kórokozók. Meddig tart a járványok kora?

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Összefoglaló. Az eddigi összes világjárványt olyan zoonotikus kórokozók, vírusok vagy baktériumok okozták, amelyek könnyen tudnak emberről emberre is terjedni. Minden egyes felbukkanó fertőzés egészségügyi, társadalmi és gazdasági költségeket von maga után. Az országhatárok nem tudják hatékonyan korlátozni a betegségek terjedését. Az eddigi trendek alapján jóval több mint félmillióféle, zömmel teljesen ismeretlen vírus lehet képes embereket megfertőzni. Az ember által letarolt vagy urbanizált területeken olyan állatfajok lesznek dominánsok, amelyek kifejezetten jó kórokozó-fenntartók. A hangsúlyt mostantól kezdve a megelőzésére kell helyezni, melynek a feltételei végrehajtható tervek formájában adottak. A hatékony megelőzés költséges, de jóval olcsóbb, mint egy világjárvány gazdasági következményeit viselni. Summary. So far, all pandemics have been caused by zoonotic pathogens, viruses or bacteria that could easily spread from human to human. Emerging infectious diseases entail huge costs for the health system, as well as for society and economy in general. Experience tells us that national borders are insufficient to prohibit the spread of infectious diseases. Extrapolation from current trends suggests that the number of largely unknown virus species able to infect humans is well over half a million. Overall, we seem to lack knowledge about 90% of the pathogens of the world. A striking experience is that pathogens can jump hosts based on their standing genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity. Mutations tend to follow later and lead to evolutionary finetuning of the pathogenic lifecycle. Human activity has contributed a great deal to the current dangerous rise of emerging infectious diseases. Climate change induces migration, biological invasions, and a higher incidence of the encounter of species with potential pathogens. Invading species tend to disrupt local ecosystems, resulting in lower biodiversity and higher susceptibility to disease of the remaining endemic species as well as the agriculturally important, domestic plant and animal populations. Habitats devastated by human activity as well urban areas will be dominated by species (such as rodents) that can harbour several potential and actual pathogens. Urbanization is a major risk factor for several reasons, including the elevated temperature in cities that contributes to the increase in pathogen survival during winter and the high population density and consequential contact rate of the local human population. Globalization adds to the security hazard posed by pathogens. From now on, emphasis should be put on the prevention of pandemics, for which we have executable plans. One such plan is the DAMA protocol (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act). We must document the occurrence of potential pathogens in candidate host species. Then we assess the threat level associated with identified potential pathogens, followed by a systematic monitoring of the most dangerous pathogens, looking for early signs of potential outbreaks. Action means advice by experts on possible preventive measures by experts and their evaluation and execution by decision makers. Similar ecological diagnostics seem possible for biological invasions in general. Efficient prevention is costly, but considerably less so than bearing the economic consequences of pandemics by (re-)emerging infectious diseases.

show abstract

Section: A Felbukkanó Kórokozók Jellemzően Zoonotikusak éS Jellemzően Alig Ismerjük őKetunclassified

Változó éghajlat, változó környezet, változó kórokozók. Meddig tart a járványok kora?

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The challenge that faces us is how to predict which species will respond in which way. This is of no small consequence, since among other things, it can help us prevent future emerging infectious disease outbreaks and potential pandemics (Apari et al ., 2019; Brooks et al ., 2020). In order to predict such changes, we need to better understand what exactly is changing during the formation of new ecological interactions, and we need to understand the mechanisms involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host repertoires and changing insect–plant interactions

Braga

Janz

2021

Ecological Entomology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1. One of the main challenges faced by ecologists today is to understand and predict how species interactions will respond to the current environmental change. It is likely that these changes will have a stronger effect on phylogenetic lineages that depend on intimate and specialised ecological interactions, such as most herbivorous insects. 2. In this review, we highlight the aspects that we consider are fundamental for understanding how species interactions change over time. We start by reviewing terminology and conclude that commonly used terms have undesired connotations with regard to what we know about how hosts are acquired and lost over time. 3. Based on that, we suggest host repertoire as a better term to describe the use of multiple hosts than the host range or diet breadth, both of which fail to capture that host use is often non‐contiguous and tend to emphasise the total number of hosts, while ignoring host identity. 4. Another important issue that we highlight is the differentiation between fundamental and realised host repertoires, where the latter is the set of hosts that are actually used in nature, whereas the first includes all hosts that can potentially be used by the species. We show that the characterisation of the fundamental host repertoire is key to understanding how insect–plant interactions will respond to the ecological opportunities instigated by environmental change.

show abstract

Evolutionary Diversification in Insect Vector–Phytoplasma–Plant Associations

Trivellone

Dietrich

2020

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The association between insect herbivores and vascular plants represents one of the greatest success stories in terrestrial evolution. Specific mechanisms generating diversity in the association remain poorly understood, but it has become increasingly clear that microbes play important roles in mediating plant–insect interactions. Previous research on phytoplasmas (Acholeplasmatales: Acholeplasmataceae), a diverse group of plant-pathogenic bacteria, and their hemipteran insect vectors suggests that this system provides a new model for understanding how interactions among distantly related but ecologically associated groups of organisms can drive evolutionary diversification. Phytoplasma infections affect the phenotypes of both plants and vectors, altering functional traits (e.g., diet breadth) and mediating host shifts which may, in turn, alter genetic and phylogenetic patterns. This review highlights previous research on the functional ecology and phylogenetic components of phytoplasma-plant-vector (PPV) associations relevant to the evolutionary diversification of this system. Although phytoplasmas and their hosts occur in most terrestrial biomes and have evolved together over the past 300+ million years, major gaps in knowledge of PPV associations remain because most prior research on the system focused on strategies for mitigating effects of phytoplasma diseases in agroecosystems. Study of this system within a broader evolutionary context could help elucidate mechanisms by which interactions between insect herbivores, microbes, and plants drive biological diversification and also help predict the emergence of diseases affecting agriculture. Future research should more thoroughly document PPV associations in natural habitats, examine the relative prevalence of cospeciation versus host shifts in this system, and test possible macroevolutionary consequences of host manipulation by phytoplasmas.

show abstract

Hiding in plain sight: an evolutionary approach to the South American Zika outbreak and its future consequences

Cited by 3 publications

References 48 publications

Változó éghajlat, változó környezet, változó kórokozók. Meddig tart a járványok kora?

Változó éghajlat, változó környezet, változó kórokozók. Meddig tart a járványok kora?

Host repertoires and changing insect–plant interactions

Evolutionary Diversification in Insect Vector–Phytoplasma–Plant Associations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About