What is the link between household garbage and tobacco control? The case of Brazil

Szklo, André Salem; Silva, Maria Raquel Fernandes; Quintaes, Bianca Ramalho; Machado, Alessandra Trindade

doi:10.36416/1806-3756/e20200094

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…The PDG study was conducted from January to December of 2018 in Rio de Janeiro city, 18 in partnership with COMLURB (Companhia Municipal de Limpeza Urbana), the firm that routinely collects household garbage in all neighbourhoods of the city (around 145 000 tons/month).…”

Section: The Pdg Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-validation of four different survey methods used to estimate illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveTo cross-validate estimates of the size of the illicit cigarette trade based on the results of four different survey methods.MethodsIn 2018/2019, four non-industry-funded, large-scale studies were conducted in selected Brazilian cities: packs discarded in household garbage/PDG (1 city), packs littered in the streets/PLS (5 cities), a phone survey of tobacco users’ purchase behaviors/VIGITEL (5 cities), and a face-to-face household survey of tobacco users’ purchase behaviors/FTF-household (2 cities). The proportions of illicit cigarettes consumed were based on the price paid by smokers in their last purchase (VIGITEL or FTF-household) and/or direct observation of brand names and health warnings (PDG, PLS or FTF-household).ResultsBased on PLS, the share of packs that avoided taxation ranged from 30.4% (95% CI 25.6% to 35.7%) in Rio de Janeiro to 70.1% (95% CI 64.6% to 75.0%) in Campo Grande; and PDG conducted in Rio de Janeiro found an even lower proportion point estimate of illicit cigarette use (26.8%, 95% CI 25.1% to 28.6%). In FTF-household, the share of illicit cigarette consumption based on the self-reported price ranged from 29.1% (95% CI 22.4% to 35.7%) in Rio de Janeiro to 37.5% (95% CI 31.2% to 43.7%) in São Paulo, while estimates based on pack observation ranged from 29.9% (95% CI 23.3% to 36.5%) in Rio de Janeiro to 40.7% (95% CI 34.3% to 47.0%) in São Paulo. For all cities, VIGITEL presented the lowest levels of illicit consumption, and most illicit brands were produced in Paraguay.ConclusionsSmall differences in the estimated levels of illicit trade across methods were found, except for the phone survey. The cross-validation of estimates from independent studies is important to help effectively implement tobacco excise tax policy in Brazil and other low-income and middle-income countries.

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Section: The Pdg Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-validation of four different survey methods used to estimate illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil

et al. 2020

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The cigarette market in Brazil: new evidence on illicit practices from the 2019 National Health Survey

Szklo

Drope²

2023

Tob Control

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ObjectiveTo explore new evidence on illicit practices, such as selling legal brands below the minimum legal price (MLP), and smugglers selling illicit brands at or above the MLP.MethodsFor the first time in Brazil, self-reported information on cigarette brand name and price paid per pack in smokers’ last purchase from a nationally representative survey conducted in 2019 was used to distinguish the illicit and the legal markets. We estimated the proportion of illicit cigarette consumption, using the combination of brand and price.ResultsThe proportion of smuggled illicit cigarette consumption based on brands not approved on the Brazilian market was estimated at 38.6% (95% CI: 35.8% to 41.5%). When we added legal brands not paying taxes, it increased to 47.1% (95% CI: 44.2% to 49.9%). Around 25% of illicit brand cigarettes were sold at or above MLP.ConclusionsIn Brazil, since 2017 there is a lack of adjustment in tobacco taxes and the MLP for inflation and income growth. The increase in cigarette affordability and the presence on the market of a segment of ‘higher-priced’ illicit brands suggest patterns of illicit brand loyalty and/or perceived ‘brand quality’ among smokers of illicit cigarettes. The evidence also shows that a sizeable proportion of legal brand cigarettes were sold below the MLP. This study offers insight into what happened in circumstances in which a government failed to keep current with tax policies and the monitoring of domestic manufacturing. Brazil has been a world leader in the monitoring of the tobacco epidemic, and this study also offers an innovative use of data that an increasing number of countries are collecting.

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What is the link between household garbage and tobacco control? The case of Brazil

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Cross-validation of four different survey methods used to estimate illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil

Cross-validation of four different survey methods used to estimate illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil

The cigarette market in Brazil: new evidence on illicit practices from the 2019 National Health Survey

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