Revisiting Nitroaromatic Drugs: Mechanisms of Bioactivation, Metabolism and Toxicity and Methods to Synthesize Nitroaromatic Fragments

Abstract

Nitroaromatic drugs represent an important class of therapeutic agents, endowed with different pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antiprotozoal, anti-Parkinson, anticancer, etc. However, the nitroheterocycle and nitroarene fragments are considered potentially toxic, with reports of mutagenicity and genotoxicity. The bioreduction process of the nitro group plays a central role in the antimicrobial and toxicological mechanism of action of nitroaromatic drugs. This article will review the nitroaromatic drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the last 30 years, the mechanisms of bioactivation, metabolism and toxicity and, finally, it will revisit the main methodologies for obtaining the nitroaromatic fragment from aromatic nitration reaction and oxidation of arylamines and/or heteroarylamines.