Dielectric Properties During Microwave-Induced Interesterification Reactions for Biodiesel and Triacetin Production

Abstract

The microwave-assisted interesterification of babassu oil with methyl, ethyl and butyl acetates was carried out via acid catalysis, using sulfuric, phosphoric, methanesulfonic and acetic acids for the production of biodiesel with triacetin as an additive. Dielectric measurements in the range of 0.3 to 13 GHz of pure reactants and reactions media lead to a clear understanding of the interaction between the medium and microwave irradiation, allowing achieving optimal conditions in terms of microwave power, kind and catalyst concentration, reactant molar ratios, and temperatures. Using ethyl acetate, reactions were carried out at various oil to acetate molar ratio (1:12 to 1:72) using sulfuric acid (0.5% m/mT) as a catalyst. For 1:60 molar ratio, the experiments were carried out with 0.5 to 2% m/mT sulfuric acid. The kind of catalyst and the applied microwave power to mass ratio were investigated using H3PO4, CH3COOH and CH3SO3H. The best catalytic activities were achieved with H2SO4 and CH3SO3H. It was found that under microwave or conventional heating the reactivity follows the ethyl→methyl→butyl trend. The best results were achieved using ethyl acetate with H2SO4 which yields 91.1% biodiesel and 18.3% triacetin in 120 min under microwave heating while using CH3SO3H yields 80.1% biodiesel and 11.2% triacetin.

Glycerol-Free Biodiesel via Catalytic Interesterification: A Pathway to a NetZero Biodiesel Industry

“…Nevertheless, the present constraints on monoglyceride levels impose restrictions on the quantity of triacetin that can be utilized, primarily because existing analytical techniques are unable to differentiate between closely related molecules [20]. Efforts were made to esterify and interesterify triglycerides using microwave-assisted processes and ultrasonic radiation, resulting in a high yield of biodiesel and selectivity of triacetin [28,29]. A new technoeconomic analysis has shown that interesterification is a cost-effective method for producing biodiesel, offering a viable alternative to conventional transesterification [30].…”