pH-Responsive, Hemocompatible, and Non-Toxic Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel from Seeds of Salvia spinosa L. for Sustained Release of Febuxostat

Abstract

Herein, a polysaccharide-based hydrogel from seeds of Salvia spinosa (SSH) was evaluated as a pH-responsive, superporous, hemocompatible, non-toxic, and sustained release material. The SSH-based tablets showed pH-dependent swelling (pH 7.4 > 6.8 > 4.5 > 1.2) as well as swelling and de-swelling behavior at pH 7.4 and 1.2, respectively. Sustained release of febuxostat was achieved by mimicking the gastrointestinal tract conditions for 14 h and following the zero-order kinetics and super case-II transport mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous nature of SSH even after compression. SSH was found to be hemocompatible with antioxidant properties. Acute toxicity studies ensured the safety of SSH at a maximum dose level of 2.0 g kg-1 body weight of the animals. SSH was also found as non-irritant to the eye. The histopathology of vital organs did not show any lesions or inflammation. Conclusively, SSH can be considered a safe ingredient for oral, dermal, and ophthalmic formulations.

Citric acid cross-linking of a hydrogel from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.) engenders a pH-responsive, superporous, and smart material for drug delivery

“…Moreover, with the increase in the concentration of salts, the difference in osmotic pressure between the swelling media and CL-ALH increases which is also responsible for the decline in its swelling. 3 In comparison, the CL-ALH swelling was a bit higher in the solutions of KCl than NaCl. This is because of the greater charge density of K + ions than Na + ions.…”

“…Naturally occurring plant-based materials are catching the eyes of many researchers for their utilization in the biomedical eld day by day owing to their non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-hemolytic, and non-immunogenicity. [1][2][3][4] These polysaccharides have many functional groups which are being used for physical and chemical cross-linking. 5,6 Through cross-linking, the physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides are tuned to get desired results or applications.…”

A pH responsive and superporous biocomposite hydrogel of Salvia spinosa polysaccharide-co-methacrylic acid for intelligent drug delivery

“…Its value may be less than 0.45, between 0.45-0.89, or greater than 0.89 for Fickian diffusion, non-Fickian diffusion, and super case-II transport, respectively. 26,27 The Model Selection Criterion (MSC), i.e., a modied Akaike information criterion was also applied to the venlafaxine HCl release data and the information regarding appropriate release kinetics models was acquired using eqn (16). 28 MSC is considered independent of the scaling of data points.…”

“…, S. spinosa hydrogel (SSH) released from its seeds is superporous, hemocompatible, non-toxic, thermally stable, chemically modifiable, and has been utilized for the zero-order drug delivery application. 7,15,16…”

“…14 The mucilage, i.e., S. spinosa hydrogel (SSH) released from its seeds is superporous, hemocompatible, non-toxic, thermally stable, chemically modiable, and has been utilized for the zero-order drug delivery application. 7,15,16 Methacrylic acid (MAA) has been extensively used in the fabrication of pH-sensitive hydrogels. MAA is a pH-sensitive material and demonstrates extreme variations in swelling behavior when there is a change in pH and ionic strength.…”