A Simple and Effective Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Method with Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Detection for the Determination of Bisphenol A in Aqueous Matrices and Plastic Leachates

Abstract

This study shows the development and application of an analytical method for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous samples such as tap, river and mineral water and plastic leachates, based on an extensive literature search to understand the gaps for the determination of BPA in aqueous samples. We found that most of the methods in the literature employ some chromatographic strategy, and, to a much lesser extent, non-chromatographic instrumentation. In this scenario, we show an ultraviolet spectrophotometric-based method that can be used for routine analysis. Sample preparation was conducted by means of solvent extraction followed by back-extraction into an alkaline aqueous solution (liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction) and the detection was performed by UV spectrophotometry at 294 nm. Optimization of variables affecting both extraction and back-extraction was conducted, and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained: 85 mL aqueous sample buffered at pH 10, ionic strength adjusted with NaCl to a 2 mol L −1 final concentration, extraction with 6 mL of ethyl ether for 10 min and back-extraction into 0.5 mL of 2 mol L −1 aqueous NaOH. The following quality parameters were obtained: determination coefficient (R 2) > 0.999, intra and inter-day repeatability better than 7.8% and 300 enhancement factor. The method was applied in different aqueous samples with excellent recovery and precision results, and no BPA was detected in natural water, even with the excellent limit of detection (3.5 μg L −1) and limit of quantification obtained. Limitations of this method involve analysis of samples with humic acid concentrations higher than 2 mg L −1 or high concentration of phenols and/or phthalate esters.

A systematic review on bisphenols – Sources, health impacts, and analytical determination of bisphenol A in aqueous samples

“…Spectrometric analysis has several advantages over the previously described detection and quantification methods. Due to its sensitivity, large linear dynamic range, low cost, speed of analysis, and ease of operation, UV-vis spectrophotometry is a widely used detection method in food, water, environmental, geological, and industrial materials [85,86]. Determination of BPA based on the diazotizationcoupling reaction was done using a U-4100 spectrophotometer.…”