Zika Virus Activity of the Leaf and Branch Extracts of Tontelea micrantha and Its Hexane Extracts Phytochemical Study

Abstract

The new triterpene friedelan-1,3,21-trione, the known compounds friedelan-3-one, 3β-friedelinol, 3,4-seco-friedelan-3-oic acid, 28-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one, friedelan-3-oxo-28-al, friedelan-3,21-dione, 30-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one, a mixture of 30-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one/21α-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one, 21β-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one, gutta-percha, squalene, and a mixture of palmitic/stearic/oleic acids were isolated from the hexane extracts of leaves and branches of T. micrantha. Their chemical structures were established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC), 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and comparison with the literature data. All compounds were described for T. micrantha and the genus Tontelea for the first time. The branch and leaf extracts displayed anti-Zika virus activity at the lowest tested concentration of 15.6 µg mL-1 , mainly virucidal effect, and presented no cytotoxicity to Vero cells. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts demonstrated the best activities at the concentration of 31.2 and 15.6 µg mL-1 at the viral adsorption and penetration stages, respectively. These results showed that these extracts may be promising candidates for the Zika virus treatment.

SARS-CoV 2 (Covid-19) Heterogeneous Mortality Rates across Countries May Be Partly Explained by Life Expectancy, Calorie Intake, and Prevalence of Diabetes.

“…Some phytochemicals found in diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and spices, are known to be antiviral (Thuy et al 2020;Naithani et al 2008;Kapoor et al 2017;Lloghalu et al 2015). The antiviral mechanism of these agents may be explained on the basis of their antioxidant activities, scavenging capacities, the inhibition of DNA, RNA synthesis, or the blocking of viral reproduction (Naithani et al 2008;Ferreira et al 2019).…”

SARS-CoV 2 (Covid 19) heterogeneous mortality rate across countries may be partly explained by life expectancy, calorie intake and prevalence of diabetes.

“…Some phytochemical, high in diets rich in fruits, vegetables and spices, are known to be antiviral 11,12,13,14 . The antiviral mechanism of these agents may be explained on the basis of their antioxidant activities, scavenging capacities, the inhibition of DNA, RNA synthesis, or the blocking of viral reproduction 12,15 .…”

SARS-CoV 2 (Covid 19) heterogeneous mortality rate across countries may be partly explained by life expectancy, calorie intake and prevalence of diabetes.

“…Some phytochemicals found in diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and spices, are known to be antiviral 11,12,13,14 . The antiviral mechanism of these agents may be explained on the basis of their antioxidant activities, scavenging capacities, the inhibition of DNA, RNA synthesis, or the blocking of viral reproduction 12,15 .…”