Nanopharmaceuticals and Their Applications in Bladder Cancer Therapy: a Mini Review

Abstract

The primary treatment for high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is based on surgery by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), followed by intravesical immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to prevent recurrence and to reduce the tumor progression. However, BCG therapy shows several undesirable effects. The current treatment on NMIBC is doxorubicin (DOX), but with high toxicity. Our nanotechnology strategy was done through scaffolds for the NMIBC treatment: graphene oxide (GO) and a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). A GO hybrid for administration of DOX and small interfering RNA (siRNA) was developed. This hybrids administered in vivo against NMIBC in rats gave absence of lesions. NLC was prepared by using a mixture of two lipids stabilized by a surfactant and DOX by high homogenization pressure technique. In this case showed a 20% of the animals exhibited benign lesions (papillary hyperplasia), however, in the presence of siRNA reached 40% of rats with benignant lesions. These two scaffolds are potential new drugs for DOX for bladder cancer treatment without any cardiotoxicity problems.

Hybrid graphene oxide as carrier of doxorubicin: cytotoxicity and preliminary in vivo assays against bladder cancer

“…As an example, GO is an electrically insulating material, but graphene is not. Studies have been performed to explore the graphene oxide properties that permit it to give up more than one activity at the same time and to associate multidrug systems with different therapies, indicating that graphene oxide is a grateful tool to overcome impediment in cancer therapies [13][14][15]. Lerra et al [16] described a nanohybrid site-specific doxorubicin (DOX) delivery in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, using GO and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs), and a curcumin-human serum albumin conjugate as functional coating in order to avoid DOX toxicity.…”

Recent Advances in Improved Anticancer Efficacies of Camptothecin Nano-Formulations: A Systematic Review

“…The primary treatment for bladder cancer includes intravesical immunotherapy and surgery. Nevertheless, these methods show several undesirable adverse effects [ 130 , 131 ]. Accordingly, better therapeutic approaches are vital.…”

Anticancer Activities of Hesperidin and Hesperetin In vivo and their Potentiality against Bladder Cancer

“…One of the strategies would be to investigate hesperidin or hesperetin as coadjuvant of the chemotherapeutics regiment in bladder cancer (e.g., DOX, CIS, MMC, etc.). Perspectives of this research might be great, if we joint our expertise in bladder cancer on animals [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] and easiness of obtaining hesperidin and hesperetin in our laboratories. At last bit not at least, this mini-review shows the importance of introducing new, nontoxic and economically feasible natural products for the cancer treatment.…”