Nanocristais De Perovskitas Coloidais: Histórico, Propriedades E Aplicações

Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: From Fundamentals to Applications

“…Therefore, any change in composition reflects a change in a lattice parameter. [31] The parameter of an ideal cubic unit cell (aÞ is calculated from the interatomic distances of AÀ X and BÀ X, which are defined according to Equations ( 2) and (3):…”

“…However, Goldschmidt observed experimentally that the τ values of most cubic perovskites are in the range of 0.8 to 1, while distorted perovskites occur in a wider range of t. Thus, it was found that the hexagonal distortion occurs when the value of τ is greater than 1, the orthorhombic or rhombohedral distortion occurs when the value of τ is between 0.71 to 0.8, and the tetragonal distortion is expected when the value of τ is below 0.71. [31][32][33] The stability of the BX 6 octahedron can be predicted by the octahedral factor (μ), which is given by the ratio of the radius r B and r X , as represented by Equation ( 4):…”

“…For the rhombohedral phase, there are greater differences, for example, X anions are not shared between octahedrons and cations A can occupy two different crystallographic sites, and for this reason, it is known as a zero-dimensional (0D) structure. [31,38,39] In nanoscale dimensions, materials present electronic properties different from those presented by the same materials on a macroscale, capable of presenting strong absorption and intense emission in a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which makes nanomaterials suitable for a variety of applications. [37] One-dimensional (1D) perovskites consist of chains of linear octahedrons [BX 6 ] 4À , while 0D perovskites are compounds in which octahedrons are isolated or generate isolated dimers with a shared face, which can easily change Chemistry-A European Journal their relative position, generating a significant impact on the properties of these materials.…”

“…Studies of perovskite-type halides began in 1983 when Mizusaki et al [57] demonstrated the high ionic conductivity and possibility of rapid exchange of ions in CsPbX 3 structures and demonstrated that the material exhibited luminescence according to the halide present in the structure (CsPbCl 3 with spectral maximum in violet, CsPbBr 3 in the green region, and CsPbI 3 in the red region). [31,58] Their potential applications in electronic and optical devices attracted attention and perovskite optoelectronic devices appeared, being the first perovskite solar cell described in 2009, [59] followed by applications in LED [60] and lasers. [61] However, this has only become a hot area of research in 2014 with the work of Schmidt et al [16] where they synthesized nanometer-sized, organolead halide CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 perovskites for the first time, opening a new chapter in this field.…”

Facile Methods for the Assembly of Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells and Mini‑Module: A Step-by-Step Description of Layers Processing

“…Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites with the general formula ABX 3 (A = organic cation, B = inorganic cation, and X = halide anion) are semiconductor materials that can be used in various optoelectronic devices, such as perovskite solar cells (PSCs). [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] These materials are promising for application in photovoltaics due to their extraordinary optical and electronic properties, such as high charge mobility and absorption coefficient, low excitation binding energy, long diffusion length, and low-temperature processability. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] In just a few years (from 2009 to 2021), lab-scale (active area of ca.…”