Effects of chemical and green nano-zinc oxide on histological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rat kidney associated with cisplatin

Abstract

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapeutic drug used in cancer treatment, however, numerous side effects and toxicities limit the use of CP. Nephrotoxicity has been recognized as one of the most serious complications associated with CP (Akca et al., 2018). The kidney collects CP more than other sections in the body and is the main pathway for its disposal. CP accumulates more in the S3 section of the proximal tubules, followed by the distal tubules, and S1 section of the proximal tubules (Kröning, Lichtenstein, Nagami, 2000;Yao et al., 2007). Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is evident by decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity, a concomitant decrease in glutathione levels, increased lipid membrane peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction (Akca et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2019). Also, nephrotoxicity causes direct tubular damage, vascular abnormalities, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrogenesis, apoptosis and necrosis. It has been confirmed that cisplatin with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causes an imbalance between the level of oxidant-antioxidant factors, thus the level of antioxidants to neutralize