“…The smart city concept thus emerged, but its understanding and application is not well defined for public administrators, lawmakers, or citizens (Albino, Berardi & Dangelico, 2015). Thus, new public policies aimed at smart cities have highlighted the relevance of using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve the development of cities and take better advantage of resources, in addition to involving residents and promoting accountability (Abreu & Marchiori, 2020;Caragliu, Del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011;Lee, Phaal, & Lee, 2013;Massonetto, Bachur, & Carvalho, 2020;Odendaal, 2003).…”