Glial scar-modulation as therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury in animal models

Abstract

Purpose: Spinal Cord injury represents, in veterinary medicine, most of the neurological attendances and may result in permanent disability, death or euthanasia. Due to inflammation resulting from trauma, it originates the glial scar, which is a cell interaction complex system. Its function is to preserve the healthy circuits, however, it creates a physical and molecular barrier that prevents cell migration and restricts the neuroregeneration ability. Methods: This review aims to present innovations in the scene of treatment of spinal cord injury, approaching cell therapy, administration of enzyme, anti-inflammatory, and other active principles capable of modulating the inflammatory response, resulting in glial scar reduction and subsequent functional improvement of animals. Results: Some innovative therapies as cell therapy, administration of enzymes, immunosuppressant or other drugs cause the modulation of inflammatory response proved to be a promising tool for the reduction of gliosis Conclusion: Those tools promise to reduce gliosis and promote locomotor recovery in animals with spinal cord injury.

Transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cell in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury

“…These "non-neural" cellular types display different mechanisms for recovery in spinal cord injury, in which there is no reposition of neurons or glial cells. It is highly probable that these types of cells provide trophic support, modulate inflammatory response or provide substratum for axon growth, guiding the spinal cord regeneration and therefore promoting functional recovery 13,14 . The ideal stem cells for transplantations should be immunologically inert, developed from easily accessible sources, possess fast in vitro expansibility, present competence for both long term survival and integration to the host site of interesting, besides being suitable for transfection and expression of exogenous genes 15 .…”

“…Up-todate, studies aim to the resolution of the glial scar associated to the stem cell therapy, as a treatment for chronic spinal cord injury 14,27 . Immunization with recombinant vaccines that act on the site of the axonal growth inhibitors (Nogo A, AMG e OMP) in the axonal cells 28 , and even treatment with anti-Nogo A antibodies 29 show promising results among the therapies for spinal cord injury.…”

Tratamento de doença de disco intervertebral crônica em cães utilizando células-tronco derivadas da membrana amniótica

“…xenogênicos (SANKAR et al, 2003;MITSUI et al, 2003;ZHI-YUAN et al, 2006;MENG et al, 2008;BONNER et al, 2010;YAZDANI et al, 2012;YAMADA et al, 2014;ZHU et al, 2015;DO-THI et al, 2016;JIN et al, 2016;FEITOSA et al, 2017), graças as suas propriedades imunomodularoras, que também são trunfos terapêuticos (ORLANDIN et al, 2017). Vem demonstrando resultados promissores em diversas espécies e patogenias medulares (SARMENTO et al, 2014;LEE et al, 2015;HOFFMAN, DOW, 2016;FEITOSA et al, 2017;ESCALHÃO et al, 2017).…”

“…O estudo com células-tronco aposta principalmente no seu potencial regenerativo que, devido a sua alta plasticidade, a torna uma ferramenta promissora na medicina regenerativa (RAMER et al, 2000;CHO et al, 2009;). Vale ressaltar que essa é a mais avançada tecnologia na área da Medicina Veterinária e tem como objetivo a substituição de células ou tecidos injuriados, a fim de restaurar sua função e promover melhor qualidade de vida aos animais, pois reduz a dor e o período de recuperação, além de permitir a modulação do sistema imune e da resposta inflamatória (SAULNIER et al, 2016;ORLANDIN et al, 2017).…”

“…As células-tronco mesenquimais derivada da membrana amniótica são células multipotentes, capazes de se diferenciar em vários tipos celulares (NAKAJIMA et al, 2004;VIDANE et al, 2014, CARDOSO et al, 2017, além de apresentarem capacidade de modulação da resposta inflamatória e propriedades imunorreguladoras, o que permite praticável transplantes alogênicos (LANGE-CONSIGLIO et al, 2013;ORLANDIN et al, 2017). O potencial terapêutico dessa linhagem celular na lesão medular vem sendo retratado há mais de uma década (SANKAR et al, 2003;ZHI-YUAN et al, 2006;MENG et al, 2008).…”