In vitro studies for the antiparasitic activities of Azadirachta indica extract

Abstract

Coccidiosis and helminthiasis are two parasitic diseases that harm both health and the economy. The present study aimed to assess the effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts (AILE) as an anti-parasitic modulator during murine coccidiosis as well as helminthic infection. Phytochemical analysis using FT-IR showed the presence of eleven compounds. A dose-dependent efficacy was observed in all experiments. At the highest concentration (200 mg/mL), time consumed to induce paralysis and death for worms was recorded at 9.329 ± 2.183 and 10.024 ± 1.542 min, respectively. Histological study revealed conspicuous deformity of surface architecture in all treated worms. SEM also revealed cuticular shrinkage of the body surface in all treated worms. In vitro study showed that incubation with AILE (100 mg/mL) for 96 hr inhibited sporulation by approximately 60%. AILE (50 and 25 mg/mL), amprolium, Dettol TM , phenol, and formalin-induced variable inhibition levels at 96 hr of 28%, 44%, 37.33%, 81.33%, 89.33%, and 0% respectively. In addition, IC 50 of AILE was obtained at 66.214 µg/mL with a percentage of antioxidant activity to be 74.76 ± 2.23. Our results indicate that AILE exhibits powerful anthelmintic and anticoccidial activities and it could be exploited further for the development of a novel therapeutic agent.

In vitro studies for antiparasitic activities of Punica granatum extract

“…It has been established that one of the numerous target locations via which anthelmintic agents interact with parasites is their cuticle. This was in agreement with Abu Hawsah et al (2023) description of how anthelmintic treatments altered the surfaces of the worms' bodies and might cause paralysis and worm death.…”

“…Here, the anthelmintic activity of P. granatum was modeled after that of earthworms. Due to the physiological similarities between E. fetida worms and several intestinal round worms that infect humans, earth worms have been employed as the model in many studies for the evaluation of anthelmintic activities (Abu Hawsah et al, 2023). The 200 mg/mL concentration of P. granatum produced a significant anthelmintic activity in the current in vitro study that is comparable to the anthelmintic drug, mebendazole.…”

“…Eimeria could cause significant epithelial damage. The host may consequently suffer from diarrhea, malabsorption, and inadequate weight gain (Abu Hawsah et al, 2023).…”

Green Synthesis of ZnO/CuO Nanocomposites Using Parsley Extract for Potential In Vitro Anticoccidial Application

“…14 In another attempt, Hawsah et al synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) from Azadirachta indica leaves extract using the green synthesis approach; then, they utilized Se NPs for applications of anthelminthic and cytotoxic activities. 15 Kasem et al in another study evaluated the in vitro anticoccidial activities of an ultrasonicated ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus of f icinalis (UEERO) and its chitosan-based nanoparticles (UEERO-Cs NPs) on Eimeria tenella oocysts of chickens. 16 Also, Lin et al in their findings indicated that the anticoccidial efficacy of Halofuginone hydrobromide (HF) was significantly enhanced after being encapsulated in polymer micelles and further demonstrated the potential protective application of nanoencapsulating anticoccidial drugs as a promising approach to control coccidiosis in poultry.…”