“…Although herbivory may positively affect plants, most often it causes negative effects, slowing their development and their ability to reproduce and survive in natural communities (Boege & Marquis, 2005;Coley & Barone, 1996). Different plant characteristics can both directly or indirectly influence leaf damage rates by insects, such as leaf age and size, light, seasonality, spatial distribution, abundance, and certain particular characteristics of each species (Ballaré, 2014;Engelkes et al, 2016;Gonçalves-Alvim et al, 2010;Karolewski et al, 2013;Lowman, 1985;Silva & Neves, 2014).…”