In vitro investigations of Cynara scolymus L. extract on cell physiology of HepG2 liver cells

Abstract

The objective of this study was the investigation of a potential influence of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on the cell physiology and gene expression of phase I/II enzymes of human liver cells HepG2 and investigation on potential cell protective effects against ethanol-induced cell toxicity against HepG2 cells. Cell biological assays under in vitro conditions using HepG2 liver cells and investigation of mitochondrial activity (MTT test), proliferation assay (BrdU incorporation ELISA), LDH as toxicity marker, gene expression analysis by RT-PCR and enzyme activity of glutationtransferase. Artichocke extract, containing 27% caffeoylquinic acids and 7% flavonoids induced mitochondrial activity, proliferation and total protein content under in vitro conditions in human liver cells HepG2. These effects could not be correlated to the well-known artichoke secondary compounds cynarin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The flavones luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside had inhibitory effects at 100 µg/mL level on HepG2 cells, with luteolin being a significant stronger inhibitor compared to the respective glucoside. Artichoke leaf extract had minor stimulating effect on gene expression of CYP1A2, while CYP3A4, GGT, GPX2, GSR and GST were slightly inhibited. GST inhibition under in vitro conditions was also shown by quantification of GST enzyme activity. Induction of gene expression of CYP1A2 was shown to be supraadditive after simultaneous application of ethanol plus artichoke extract. Artichoke leaf extract exhibited cell protective effects against ethanol-induced toxicity within cotreatment under in vitro conditions. Also H2O2 damage was significantly inhibited by simultaneous artichoke incubation. Pre- and posttreatments did not exert protective effects. DMSO-induced toxicity was significantly reduced by pre-, post- and cotreatment with artichoke extract and especially with luteolin-7-O-glucoside, indicating a direct interaction with the toxifying agent and an induction of repair mechanisms.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi a investigação de uma potente influência do extrato das folhas da alcachofra (ALE) na fisiologia celular e na expressão gênica de enzimas de fase I/II de células hepáticas humanas HepG2 e investigação no potencial efeito protetor celular em células HepG2 contra toxicidade celular induzida por etanol. Ensaios biológicos de células em condições in vitro usando células de fígado HepG2 e investigação da atividade mitocondrial (teste MTT), ensaio de proliferação, LDH como marcador de toxicidade, análise de expressão gênica por RT-PCR e atividade da enzima glutationa transferase. O extrato da alcachofra, contendo 27% de ácidos cafeoilquínico e 7% de flavonóides, induzem a atividade mitocondrial, proliferação e o teor de proteína total em condições in vitro em células hepáticas humanas HepG2. Estes efeitos não podem ser correlacionados aos compostos secundários conhecidos da alcachofra, cinarina, ácido cafeico, ácido clorogênico, luteolina e luteolin-7-O-glicosídeo. As flavonas...

تأثیر مستخلص أوراق الخرشوف ضد إصابة الکلى ببرومات البوتاسیوم فی الفئران وإمکانیة إضافته فی بعض السلطات الصالحة للأکل

“…Finally, it was observed that yogurt salad gave the lowest scores comparing with other salads. These results are in harmonization with Lohr et al, (2009) who reported that yogurts containing artichoke extract taken weaker sensory acceptability for all sensory properties compared to the controls. It changed the color of this product to yellowish .Artichoke leaves extraction make yogurt showed more unpleasant flavor.…”

The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies

“…The antioxidant activity of artichoke has also been demonstrated in experimental studies (Gebhardt, 1997;Gebhardt & Fausel, 1997;Brown & Rice-Evans, 1998;Perez-Garcia, Adzet, & Canigueral, 2000;Zapolska-Downar et al, 2002;Rahimuddin, Khoja, Zuhair, Howell, & Brown, 2007;Juzyszyn, Czerny, Pawlik, & Drozdzik, 2008;Miccadei et al, 2008;Löhr, Deters, & Hensel, 2009;Mileo, Di Venere, Abbruzzese, & Miccadei, 2015;Takei et al, 2015;Miláčková, Kapustová, Mučaji, & Hošek, 2017;Jiménez-Escrig, Dragsted, Daneshvar, Pulido, & Saura-Calixto, 2003;Goñi, Jiménez-Escrig, Gudiel, & Saura-Calixto, 2005;Mehmetcik, Ozdemirler, Kocak-Toker, Cevikbas, & Uysal, 2008;Kucukgergin et al, 2010;Kusku-Kiraz, Mehmetcik, Dogru-Abbasoglu, & Uysal, 2010;Heidarian, Jafari-Dehkordi, & Seidkhani-Nahal, 2011a;Heidarian & Soofiniya, 2011;Song et al, 2012;Heidarian & Rafieian-Kopaei, 2013;Abdel-Kader et al, 2014;Al-Ahdab, 2014;Magielse et al, 2014;El Morsy & Kamel, 2015;Najim, Numan, & Hamad, 2015;Colak et al, 2016;Jaleel, Saleh, & El-Awdan, 2016;Khattab, Wazzan, & Al-Ahdab, 2016;Mocelin et al, 2016;El-Boshy et al, 2017;Kaymaz, Kandemir, Pamukçu, Eröksüz, & Özdemir, 2017;Tang, Wei, Deng, & Lei, 2017).…”

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanol Extracts of <i>Cynara Scolymus (Cynarae folium, Asteraceae</i> Family)

“…It is thought that artichoke leaves are effective against liver and kidney diseases since they increase bile secretion and urine output, thus regulating the process of cholesterol formation and reducing blood sugar [1]. It is rich in cynarin and orthophenole constituents.…”