Mulberry extract as an ecofriendly anticoccidial agent: in vitro and in vivo application

Abstract

Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.

In vitro studies for the antiparasitic activities of Azadirachta indica extract

“…Our study demonstrated in vitro anticoccidial activity of AILE on the oocyst's sporulation in a dose-dependent manner, which is attributable to numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents studied by Gnanakalai & Gopal (2016), Ibrahim et al (2017), Abdul Rahman et al (2020). It is also demonstrated that the commonly used disinfectant formalin (5%) is the most effective in the inhibition of the oocyst's sporulation of E. papillata, which agreed with Thagfan et al (2020). Dettol TM and Phenol have been reported to inhibit sporulation by 81.33% and 89.33%, respectively, which is consistent with Mai et al (2009) and Gadelhaq et al (2018) that the oocyst wall is impermeable to water-soluble substances and resistant to proteolysis.…”

“…Sporulation of the oocysts was monitored by examining sporocysts using an Olympus compound microscope (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan). A total of 100 oocysts were counted per treatment and control group to estimate the sporulation and inhibition (%) of oocysts according to Thagfan et al (2020).…”

The Anticoccidial Effect of Alcoholic Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria papillate Oocysts Isolated in Mice In Vitro and In Vivo

“…VVLE showed anti-coccidiosis efficacy following the therapy of mice, as confirmed by a significant decrease in the output of E. papillata oocysts in the faeces and oocysts of infected mice. These results agree with those of other studies that investigated Azadirachta indica [ 44 ], Punica granatum plant [ 45 ], Ziziphus Spina -Christi extract [ 46 ], Mulberry extract [ 47 ], and grape [ 42 ] extract as possible sources of anticoccidial agents, as well as Calotropis procera leaf extract [ 17 ].…”

Biological activities of Persea americana: in vitro and in vivo studies

“…Our study demonstrated in vitro anticoccidial activity of PAFE on the oocyst's sporulation in a dose-dependent manner, which is attributable to numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents studied by Enwa et al (2016) and Noorul et al (2017). Also, formalin (5%) completely inhibited the sporulation of E. papillata, which agreed with Thagfan et al (2020) stated that this highly reactive chemical interacts with proteins in vitro and inhibits sporulation. In addition, phenol and Dettol TM have been reported to inhibit sporulation at 96 hr by 90.47% and 84.16%, respectively, which is consistent with Mai et al ( 2009) Castagna et al, 2020).…”

“…Sporulation of the oocysts was monitored by examining sporocysts using an Olympus compound microscope (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan). Sporulation and inhibition (%) were calculated according to Thagfan et al (2020).…”