Anthelmintic activity of nanoencapsulated carvacryl acetate against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and its toxicity in rodents

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate (CVA) and nanoencapsulated CVA (nCVA) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/gum arabic and the efficacy of nanoencapsulation (EE), yield, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology and release kinetics at pH 3 and 8 were analyzed. Acute and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in rodents and reduction of egg counts in the faeces (FECRT) of sheep. The sheep were divided into four groups (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg CVA; G2, 250 mg/kg nCVA; G3, polymer matrix and G4: 2.5 mg/kg monepantel. EE and nCVA yield were 65% and 57%, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles was spherical, size (810.6±286.7 nm), zeta potential in pH 3.2 (+18.3 mV) and the 50% release of CVA at pHs 3 and 8 occurred at 200 and 10 h, respectively. nCVA showed LD50 of 2,609 mg/kg. CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) by 57.7%, 51.1% and 97.7%, respectively. The epg of sheep treated with CVA and nCVA did not differ from the negative control (P>0.05). Nanoencapsulation reduced the toxicity of CVA; however, nCVA and CVA presented similar results in the FECRT.

Carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum exhibits reduced toxicity in mice and decreases the fecal egg count of sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

“…In the current study, a significant difference ( P < 0.05) in the epg values was found between the nCVA-treated group and the negative control group; however, no significant difference ( P > 0.05) in the epg values was detected between the CVA and nCVA groups. The similarity in the epg values between the treated and negative control groups was also verified when evaluating the effectiveness of the nanoencapsulated CVA with chitosan/gum arabic and the nanoemulsion of the essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora (Ribeiro et al ., 2014; André et al ., 2020 a ). There was a reduction in the percentage of Haemonchus spp.…”

“…The nanoparticles were produced from a polyelectrolytic complexation system (Andre et al ., 2020 a ). Chitosan (1%) (w/v) and Tween 80 were subjected to mechanical stirring; 300 μ L of CVA was then added, and the solution was maintained in an ultrasonic bath (Ultra 800, Ciencor Scientific Ltd., São Paulo, Brazil) for 15 min.…”

“…Thus, in a study evaluating the best reaction conditions for the nanoencapsulation of CVA with biopolymers, it was found that nanoencapsulation with chitosan/chichá gum in a polymeric bilayer presented controlled release and inhibited the motility of H. contortus adults in vitro . Thus, the use of a biopolymer, such as chichá gum, which has a greater number of carboxylic groups, can trigger greater polyethylene complexation and increase the efficiency of nanoencapsulation (André et al ., 2020 a ).…”

Carvacrol Derivatives as Antifungal Agents: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and in Silico Studies on Carvacryl Esters

“…Carvacryl derivatives, either natural or synthetic, have also been employed in biological testing with vast range of activities, such as antibmicrobial, [12][13][14][15] antiinflamatory, 16 antioxidant, [17][18][19][20][21] anticancer, 17,19,20 larvicidal, 22,23 antihelmintic, 24,25 also acting as enzyme inhibitors (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, 26 mushroom tyrosinase, 27 Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase 28 ).…”