Post-trauma exophthalmos caused by a carotid-cavernous fistula

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“…CCFs are a specific type of fistula where an abnormal communication between the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus occurs (2,3) . Such fistulas may be either spontaneous (25% of cases) or secondary to trauma (75% of cases) (3) .…”

“…The rate of success of the procedure depends on the dimensions of both the cavernous and fistula (2) . In treatment failure, surgery can still be applied.…”