Effects of opioids on local anesthesia in the rat: a codeine and tramadol study

Abstract

Opioids are central analgesics that act on the CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system). We investigated the effects of codeine (COD) and tramadol (TRAM) on local anesthesia of the sciatic nerve. Eighty Wistar male rats received the following SC injections in the popliteal fossa: local anesthetic with epinephrine (LA); local anesthetic without vasoconstrictor (LA WV); COD; TRAM; LA + COD; LA + TRAM; COD 20 minutes prior to LA (COD 20' + LA) or TRAM 20 minutes prior to LA (TRAM 20' + LA). As a nociceptive function, the blockade was considered the absence of a paw withdraw reflex. As a motor function, it was the absence of claudication. As a proprioceptive function, it was the absence of hopping and tactile responses. All data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Opioids showed a significant increase in the level of anesthesia, and the blockade duration of LA + COD was greater than that of the remaining groups (p < 0.05). The associated use of opioids improved anesthesia efficacy. This could lead to a new perspective in controlling dental pain.

The effect of preoperative submucosal administration of tramadol on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block on mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial

“…After a waiting time of 10 min (Carnaval et al . ), the same clinician carried out all the anaesthetic blocks by a direct (traditional Halsted method) approach using a self‐aspirating syringe and 27G diameter needle. Each patient received 1.8 mL of 4% articaine with 1 : 100 000 epinephrine.…”

Efficacy of mepivacaine–tramadol combination on the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial

“…, Carnaval et al . ). However, several local mechanisms have also been suggested; for example, a peripheral antinociceptive effect acting at multiple sites and involving different mechanisms of action, mainly an effect over VGSCs with a clinical effect comparable to other anaesthetic solutions; with a conduction blockade effectiveness of 80% when compared to lidocaine (Gold et al .…”

“…, Al‐Haideri , Carnaval et al . ). Other possible mechanisms involved are the agonistic activity over local opioid receptors in the peripheral ends of myelinated and unmyelinated fibres (Stein , Sawynok ), antinociceptive mechanisms related to the voltage‐dependent potassium channels (Yalcin & Aksu , Isiordia‐Espinoza et al .…”

“…Both mechanisms are well documented, mainly after systemic administration and at central‐level assessment (Scott & Perry , Grond & Sablotzki , Carnaval et al . , Bailard et al . ).…”

Análise funcional do bloqueio ciático em ratos com lidocaína associada à hialuronidase em complexação com hidroxipropil - ß-ciclodextrina e citotoxicidade

“…Deste modo, a literatura busca a utilização de adjuvantes não adrenérgicos para melhorar a eficácia e segurança de anestésicos locais de ação intermediária, como a lidocaína, associada, por exemplo, ao bicarbonato de sódio, a clonidina, aos opióides (Carnaval et al, 2013;Borghi et al, 2013;Adams, 2011), a hialuronidase (Adams, 2011), a sistemas de liberação lenta, e como neste estudo a combinação destes últimos, sistema de liberação lenta de hialuronidase.…”