Risk factors associated with facial fractures

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for facial fractures in patients treated in the emergency department of a hospital. The medical charts of 1121 patients treated in an emergency ward over a three-year period were analyzed. The independent variables were gender, age, place of residence (urban or rural area) and type of accident. The dependent variables were fractured mandible, zygoma, maxilla, nasal bone and more than one fractured facial bone. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test (α < 0.05), univariate and multivariate Poisson distributions and the logistic regression analysis (p < 0.20). Maxillofacial trauma was recorded in 790 charts (70.5%), with 393 (35.1%) charts reporting facial fractures. Motorcycle accidents were found to be the main risk factor for mandibular fractures (PR = 1.576, CI = 1.402-1.772) and simultaneous fractures of more than one facial bone (OR = 4.625, CI = 1.888-11.329) as well as the only risk factor for maxillary bone fractures (OR = 11.032, CI = 5.294-22.989). Fractures of the zygomatic and nasal bones were mainly associated with accidents involving animals (PR = 1.206, CI = 1.104-1.317) and sports (OR = 8.710, CI = 4.006-18.936), respectively. The determinant for the majority of facial fractures was motorcycle accidents, followed by accidents involving animals and sports.

Trends in Facial Fracture Treatment Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database

“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In our study, the male-to-female ratio was 3.72:1 (78.5 percent versus 21.1 percent), which is within the reference range described in the literature (1.3:1 to 11:1). [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The highest reported sex ratio, however, was observed by Al Ahmed et al (11:1); differences in inclusion and exclusion criteria may be present. 16 The mean age of patients included in this study was 38.7 years, which was also within the reference range described by other reports (between 24.2 and 39.8 years).…”

“…20 With regard to the socioeconomic and individual impact of facial fractures on health care systems and industry (in terms of lost workdays and decreased productivity), continuous communication of data associated with facial trauma epidemiology is important to provide the necessary information for the development and evaluation of prevention actions aimed at reducing the incidence of facial injuries. 8 There have been numerous studies evaluating the epidemiology of facial fractures (Table 6), [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] but none has reported detailed epidemiologic data and postoperative complication rates of facial fractures using a nationwide database. The epidemiologic data associated with facial trauma is dependent on demographic data from the population studied, which may include geographic region, socioeconomic situation, and time of year; all of these factors may influence the type and frequency of injuries in a given population.…”

“…16 The mean age of patients included in this study was 38.7 years, which was also within the reference range described by other reports (between 24.2 and 39.8 years). [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Although sex and race distributions included in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set are representative of the general population, only patients older than 16 years were available for analysis; thus, there is a possibility that the average age of our facial fracture population was overestimated. However, based on prior studies, craniofacial fractures are less common in children, with only 1 to 15 percent of all facial fractures occurring in the pediatric population.…”

Facial Bone Fractures in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: An Update on Pattern of Presentation and Care

“…1 Aetiology of facial bone fractures in the previous and present study population that is most predisposed, the aetiologies, and severity of injuries sustained [3,13].. The average number of patients per year recorded in this study represents a 31 % drop from the report of the preceding 9 years.…”

A six-year retrospective study of maxillofacial fractures from radiographic findings in Brazil

“…Only three surveys carried out in Brazil -this study, 1.9%; Gabrielli et al 13 (2003), 2.62%; Batista et al 29 (2012), 14.1% -mention animal accidents as causes of these fractures; the possible explanation for this is that the other reports consider animal accidents as being grouped as other causes or they did not find this etiology for maxillofacial fracture.…”