Clinical status and detection of periodontopathogens and Streptococcus mutans in children with high levels of supragingival biofilm

Abstract

Knowledge about the presence of some important oral pathogens is an important step in better identifying children at risk for periodontal and/or caries diseases in later life. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of Streptococcus mutans (Sm), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) in gingival biofilm samples from 196 children, and to assess whether any of these pathogens are more associated with gingival inflammation extension and the Decayed/Missing/Filled teeth (DMFT/dmft) index. The subjects presented plaque index greater than 80% and were divided in 3 groups according to the bleeding index (BI): I) Low bleeding (< 30%), II) Medium bleeding (31 - 59%) and III) High bleeding (> 60%). The presence of each pathogen was determined by PCR. The prevalence of Sm was 71.9% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 6.68. The prevalence in low, medium and high bleeding groups was 43.5%, 34.5% and 46.7% for Aa; 43.5%, 37.9%, and 36.7% for Cr; 99.1%, 100%, and 96.7% for Pg; 56.5%, 56.9%, and 66.7% for Pi; and 58.3%, 60.3%, and 56.7% for Tf, respectively. Pg (99.0%) was the most prevalent periodontal pathogen detected followed by Tf (58.7%), Pi (58.2%), Aa (41.3%) and Cr (40.8%). Our study indicated that in this high plaque index population studied, a high prevalence of Sm and high mean DMFT were observed. In addition, the presence of Pi was associated with the presence of inflammation (P < 0.05) whereas Cr was associated with periodontal health (P < 0.05).

Microbiological, lipid and immunological profiles in children with gingivitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus

“…However, one study has detected high levels of Campylobacter rectus associated with periodontal health 6 , as observed in this study. The “green complex” – represented by the combination of Eikenella corrodens , Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea – was definitely more prevalent in the periodontal sites of children with DM.…”

“…The following clinical parameters were measured: caries index [(dmf/DMF – decay (d), missing (m) and filling (f) deciduous (dmf) and permanent (DMF) teeth) 6 , probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI) 23 and gingival index (GI)] 10 , by two previously calibrated examiners (CD and GACGC), using a periodontal probe (PCPUNC 15) (Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) at four sites (mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, disto-lingual, mid-lingual) per tooth. The following teeth were examined: all first permanent molars, all second deciduous molars, two upper permanent incisors and lower permanent incisors.…”

“…, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens , Fusobacterium sp., members of the “orange complex”, are also related to periodontal breakdown as the secondary group of periodontal pathogens and the “green complex,” represented by the combination of Eikenella corrodens , Capnocytophaga sputigena, C. ochracea, C. gingivalis, C. concisus was considered primary colonizers and compatible with periodontal health 26 . Cortelli, et al 6 (2009) detected high levels of Campylobacter rectus associated with periodontal health and Prevotella intermedia with the presence of inflammation. Rotimi, et al 18 (2010) showed that, except for P. gingivalis , periodontopathogens such as A. actinomycetemcomitans , T. forsythia , P. intermedia and P. nigrescens are relatively common findings in the oral cavity of children.…”

Occurrence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Brazilians with chronic periodontitis

“…• mer Cetus, Wellesley, MA, USA) was performed according to the protocol described by Cortelli et al 20 (2009), using specific primers for A. actinomycetemcomitans. 21 …”

TRANSMISSION OF Porphyromonas gingivalis FROM CAREGIVERS TO CHILDREN

“…1 Before the collection procedure, cotton rolls were applied to prevent contamination of the sampling area with other oral fluids. The supragingival biofilm was gently removed with sterile cotton pellets 8 and plaque samples were collected using sterile paper points inserted in sulci or pockets during 15 seconds This procedure was done for each of the four sites previously selected and the paper points of each subject were placed in a same microtube with 1 ml of reduced transport fluid (RTF) 9 . The samples were stored at -22°C until the analyses.…”