“…The distinctiveness of upland and lowland populations reflects a pattern of endemicity that has been reported from the Pakaraima Mountains and associated upland areas. In fishes, there are several species endemic to upland rivers of the Guianas, including members of the families Hypopomidae, Cichlidae and Loricariidae, as well as four families of Characiformes (Armbruster & Taphorn, ; Gery & Zarske, ; López‐Fernández, Taphorn, & Liverpool, ; Lujan, ; Lujan, Agudelo‐Zamora, Taphorn, Booth, & López‐Fernández, ; Maldonado‐Ocampo et al., ; Taphorn, Lopez‐Fernandez, & Bernard, ). Although the antiquity of these endemic species is not well known, some may date to the Oligocene or earlier (López‐Fernández, Arbour, Winemiller, & Honeycutt, ; Lujan & Armbruster, ), indicating a very long period of isolation.…”