SARS-CoV-2 infections with emphasis on pediatric patients: a narrative review

Yamamoto, Lídia; Santos, Emanuella Barros dos; Pinto, Lacyane Santos; Rocha, Mussya Cisotto; Kanunfre, Kelly Aparecida; Vallada, Marcelo Genofre; Okay, Thelma Suely

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946202062065

Cited by 19 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…Hospitalization is indicated when there is a need to ensure supportive therapy (e.g., pharmacological or respiratory support) or in severe forms of pathology ( 13 , 19 , 55 ). Upon entering the ward, performing laboratory blood testing may prove useful, even though it is often non-specific.…”

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon entering the ward, performing laboratory blood testing may prove useful, even though it is often non-specific. In most children it is possible to find: (i) a normal or reduced number of white blood cells, accompanied by lymphocytopenia; (ii) normal or slightly increased C-reactive protein and procalcitonin values (in case of excessive upregulation, a bacterial superinfection should be considered); (iii) slightly increased transaminases and lactic dehydrogenases ( 13 , 19 , 55 ).…”

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hospitalized children must have their vitals monitored and have adequate intake of fluids and calories aimed at maintaining a hydro-electrolytic homeostasis. Additionally, bed rest and maintenance of cleared upper airways are recommended ( 13 , 19 , 55 ).…”

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In case of hypoxia (SpO 2 <95%) without signs of respiratory distress, the administration of oxygen via nasal cannulae or mask is sufficient, while constant monitoring of vital parameters and attending to changes in the acid-base balance may be indicative of clinical worsening ( 13 , 19 , 55 ).…”

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In case of respiratory distress associated with hypoxemia, simple oxygen administration is insufficient. In these cases, high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) or non-invasive ventilation, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), should be used ( 13 , 19 , 55 ). The utility of HFNO for COVID-19 treatment is the subject of debate given that the incontrovertible benefits afforded by this treatment are countered by the risk of viral particle aerosolisation within the patient's environment, thereby placing the safety of healthcare workers at risk ( 57 ).…”

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children: From Etiology to Management

et al. 2020

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COVID-19 is less serious in children than in adults. However, respiratory management dominates the clinical picture of hospitalized COVID-19 even in children. In some case series, deterioration of the clinical picture wherein dyspnea, cyanosis, and the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) emerged ~8–10 days after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which could rapidly progress to multiple organ failure and death. This review aimed to evaluate the characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in pediatric populations, beginning from its etiology and pathological mechanisms and closing with its clinical management.

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Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Management and Treatment Of Covid-19 Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children: From Etiology to Management

et al. 2020

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Covid-19 infection in children and adolescents and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1d) presentation and management

et al. 2022

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Children seem to be affected by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus less severely than adults, with better prognosis and low mortality. Serious complications of COVID-19 infection in children include multisystem inflammatory response syndrome in COVID-19 infection (MIS-C), myo-or pericarditis and, less frequently, long COVID syndrome. On the other hand, adults with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) are among the most vulnerable groups affected by COVID-19, with increased morbidity and mortality. Moreover, an association of SARS-CoV-2 with diabetes has been observed, possibly affecting the frequency and severity of the first clinical presentation of T1D or T2D, as well as the development of acute diabetes after COVID-19 infection. The present review summarizes the current data on the incidence of T1D among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as its severity. Moreover, it reports on the types of newly diagnosed diabetes after COVID infection and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms. Additionally, this study presents current data on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes control in patients with known T1D and on the severity of clinical presentation of COVID infection in these patients. Finally, this review discusses the necessity of immunization against COVID 19 in children and adolescents with T1D.

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COVID-19 in childhood and phenotypes of pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome

Sergi

2023

Translational Autoimmunity

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SARS-CoV-2 infections with emphasis on pediatric patients: a narrative review

Abstract: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

Cited by 19 publications

References 54 publications

COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children: From Etiology to Management

COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children: From Etiology to Management

Covid-19 infection in children and adolescents and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1d) presentation and management

COVID-19 in childhood and phenotypes of pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome

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