Envenomation by the Malagasy colubrid snake Langaha madagascariensis

D'Cruze, NC

doi:10.1590/s1678-91992008000300014

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…All taxa were considered as belonging to at least one of these basic ecological types taken from our knowledge of these species in the field and from Glaw and Vences (2007). Additionally, since these species show two basic dentition types: aglyphous and opisthoglyphous, where the latter is suggested to be associated with venom injection (Mori and Mizuta 2006;D'Cruze 2008), we also scored and included this dentition feature.…”

Section: Trait Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potentially related to dietary and habitat preferences, gemsnakes can be divided into aglyphous taxa without grooved rear teeth and opisthoglyphous species, which feature enlarged, grooved rear teeth used to hold or envenomate prey (Guibé 1958;Kardong 1980;Mori and Mizuta 2006;D'Cruze 2008;Weinstein et al 2011), though we note that aglyphous gemsnakes may also envenomate prey (Razafimahatratra et al 2015). While dentition and diet may be correlated (Knox and Jackson 2010), for most snakes on continental systems, it is unclear if dentition type relates to general ecological or prey preferences and if this trait is phylogenetically conserved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Origins and Diversification of the Exceptionally Rich Gemsnakes (Colubroidea: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae) in Madagascar

et al. 2019

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Processes leading to spectacular diversity of both form and species on islands have been well-documented under island biogeography theory, where distance from source and island size are key factors determining immigration and extinction resistance. But far less understood are the processes governing in situ diversification on the world’s mega islands, where large and isolated land masses produced morphologically distinct radiations from related taxa on continental regions. Madagascar has long been recognized as a natural laboratory due to its isolation, lack of influence from adjacent continents, and diversification of spectacular vertebrate radiations. However, only a handful of studies have examined rate shifts of in situ diversification for this island. Here, we examine rates of diversification in the Malagasy snakes of the family Pseudoxyrhophiinae (gemsnakes) to understand if rates of speciation were initially high, enhanced by diversification into distinct biomes, and associated with key dentition traits. Using a genomic sequence-capture data set for 366 samples, we determine that all previously described and newly discovered species are delimitable and therefore useful candidates for understanding diversification trajectories through time. Our analysis detected no shifts in diversification rate between clades or changes in biome or dentition type. Remarkably, we demonstrate that rates of diversification of the gemsnake radiation, which originated in Madagascar during the early Miocene, remained steady throughout the Neogene. However, we do detect a significant slowdown in diversification during the Pleistocene. We also comment on the apparent paradox where most living species originated in the Pleistocene, despite diversification rates being substantially higher during the earlier 15 myr.

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Section: Trait Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origins and Diversification of the Exceptionally Rich Gemsnakes (Colubroidea: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae) in Madagascar

et al. 2019

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“…Several Malagasy genera are aglyphous, whereas others are opisthoglyphous, i.e., they have grooved rear fangs and are considered as mildly venomous, but little is known on the effects of their venoms to humans [4, 5]. Until now, mild “envenomation” caused by accidental bites by Malagasy snakes has been reported only for the psammophiine species Mimophis mahfalensis [6, 7] and six pseudoxyrhophiine species: two species of Madagascarophis [6, 8], Leioheterodon modestus [5], Leioheterodon madagascariensis [9], Ithycyphus miniatus [10], and Langaha madagascariensis [11], all of which can attain a relatively large size (≥1 m total length).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis and description of its dentition

Razafimahatratra¹,

Wang²,

Mori³

et al. 2015

J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis

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We report on a case of potential envenomation caused by multiple bites by the aglyphous opisthodont snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis in the left thumb of a healthy adult man, which is among the most serious snakebites hitherto reported from Madagascar. The adult snake (total length > 1 meter) was unusually aggressive before and during capture. The symptoms included extensive bleeding, severe local pain, and substantial swelling of the hand and the distal part of the lower arm. The swelling disappeared entirely after five days, but pain in the thumb (when moved) was recognizable even longer. Although L. madagascariensis is widespread and common in anthropogenic habitats in eastern and western Madagascar, this case report seems to be the first description of long-lasting symptoms of its bite. Since aglyphous snakes are relatively rarely involved in “envenomation” and because hemolytic activity has been recorded in the secretions of the Duvernoy’s glands of Leioheterodon, we describe its dentition using microcomputed tomography and discuss the potential mode of envenomation in this case.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40409-015-0047-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake Mimophis mahfalensis (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar

et al. 2014

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Envenomation by the Malagasy colubrid snake Langaha madagascariensis

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

The Origins and Diversification of the Exceptionally Rich Gemsnakes (Colubroidea: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae) in Madagascar

The Origins and Diversification of the Exceptionally Rich Gemsnakes (Colubroidea: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae) in Madagascar

Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis and description of its dentition

Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake Mimophis mahfalensis (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar

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